中国近现代工程史开端的“二十年延误”——对洋务运动之前三场战争的回顾和分析

工程哲学兴起之后，工程史研究也开始兴起。虽然从通史角度看鸦片战争是中国近现代史的开端，但中国近现代工程史却应以洋务运动为正式开端，这就出现了“二十年延误”。在洋务运动之前，中国近代史上爆发了三场战争———两次鸦片战争和太平天国战争。从军工产业和军事装备特征方面看，两次鸦片战争是西方近代军工体系和军事装备体系与中国古代军工体系和军事装备体系的战争，而太平天国战争则涉及中国军工体系和军事装备体系“从古代形态向近现代形态的转型”问题。造成中国工程近代化开端“二十年延误”的根本原因是僵化的封建意识形态和封建制度及其运行机制的阻碍和抗拒。在中国近现代史上，这“二十年延误”的后果严重，教训沉痛。

The Lost Twenty Years in the Early History of Chinese Modern Engineering---Review and Analysis of the Three Wars before the Westernization Movement

With the rise of engineering philosophy ,researchers give concern to engineering history .In view of general history ,the first Opium War marks the beginning of modern history in China .However ,the Chinese history of modern engineering actually starts with Westernization Movement ,which means a twenty‐year delay in Chinese modern engineering history .Before the West‐ernization Movement ,modern China witnessed the following three wars ：the two Opium Wars and the rebellion of Taiping Heav‐enly Kingdom .As far as the military industry and military equipment are concerned ,the two Opium Wars reflect the battles be‐tween western modern military industry system and China’s ancient military industry system ,while the war of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom involves China’s transformation from ancient military industry system to the modern one .The root causes of the twenty‐year delay for the beginning of the modern engineering history are the rigid feudal ideology and system .