达尔文良心进化论对欧洲近代良心论的承袭和超越

良心进化论是达尔文广义进化论中的一个不可忽略的组成部分。在达尔文之前,一大批思想家都探讨过良心问题。这些良心理论对达尔文产生了多方面的影响:达尔文像英国道德感学派以及法国思想家卢梭、德国思想家康德一样,肯定了良心这种特殊的道德感的存在及其独特价值;达尔文在考察良心起源时,从前人的良心论中吸收了很多思想内容,例如从休谟和亚当.斯密等人那里吸收了同情心在良心形成过程中起重要作用的见解。达尔文的良心起源论是西方良心论中的一大创新:它不仅把早先良心论关于影响良心的各要素进行了系统整合,而且第一次彻底“从自然史的角度”阐释了良心的起源。

The Adopting and Surpassing of Darwin''''s Evolution Theory of Conscience to European Modern Theories of Conscience

The evolution theory of conscience is an indispensable part of Darwins general theory of evolution.Before Darwin,large number of thinkers had investigated the matter of conscience,and their theories have greatly influenced Darwin.Like British school of sense of morality and French thinker Rousseau,Darwin also affirmed the existing of and unique value of conscience,a special sense of morality.When he studied the origin of conscience,Darwin absorbed many contents from predecessors fruits,including Hume and Adam Smith,both of whom viewed that compassion has great effect on the process of forming conscience.Darwins original theory is one of the innovations in western theories of conscience.It not only integrated systematically elements affected by the previous theories,but also interpreted thoroughly the origin of conscience for the first time from the natural history point of view.