美国法规审查的双重标准——法理的反思性重构与借鉴

美国法规审查实行双重标准。传统上双重标准与基本权利的不同领域相对应 ,其内容结构僵化而固定 ,但近年来这种静态和极端的结构正趋于缓和且具有流动性。双重标准结构变迁的事实对其传统法理构成提出了挑战。对传统法理进行反思性重构 ,既可为双重标准变化了的情形提供正当性依据 ,也可为法规审查标准体系的进一步展开拓宽理论空间。因任何权利都与人格权相关联 ,所以法规审查标准可依据受限制的基本权利与人格权核心的距离来确定 :受限制的基本权利越逼近人格权核心 ,其审查标准越严格。我国宪法文本蕴含了双重标准的规范基础和制度空间 ,故可将双重标准法理导入我国法规审查 ,推进我国法规审查标准体系的构建。

The Double Standards of the Judicial Review in U.S.A.:A Reflective Reconstruction of Jurisprudence and Lessons to Be Learnt

Double standards exist in the U .S .A . judicial review . Traditionally double standards correspond with the different areas of fundamental rights with rigid and fixed contents and structures . But the static and extreme structures have become relaxed and flexible in recent years . The structural changes of double standards have begun to challenge the traditional structures of jurisprudence , so the introspective reconstruction of traditional jurisprudence can be the due basis of the changed conditions of double standards and expand the theoretical space for the further development of judicial review standards . Since any right is related to personal right , judicial review standards can be determined in accordance with the distance between the restricted fundamental right and personal right core , namely , the nearer to the personal right core the restricted fundamental right is , and the stricter judicial review standards should be . China's constitutional text contains normative basis and institutional space , so the jurisprudence of double standards can be introduced into China's judicial review in order to promote the establishment of China's judicial review standards .