公平合理利用原则在国际水法中的适用局限及其反思

作为国际水法的基本原则，公平合理利用原则具有条约法及习惯法的规范基础，并且可指导跨界水道的利用及水资源分配，但是其抽象性及模糊性降低了适用的确定性。公平合理利用原则适用的局限性主要表现为理论基础不成熟，概念难以统一明确，非排他性考虑因素多元但无优先次序等方面。对公平合理利用原则的反思要求充分尊重跨界水道的自然特性，遵从不造成重大损害原则及国际合作原则，厘清相关考虑因素的优先次序，推动建立水道国家的利益共识，从而实现流域国家对跨界水道的公平合理利用。

The Application Limitation of the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization in International Water Law and Its Reflection

As a basic principle of international water law, the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization has the normative basis of treaty law and customary law, and can guide the use of transboundary waterways and the allocation of water resources. However, the abstractness and ambiguity of the principle reduces the certainty of its application. The application limitations of the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization are manifested in the immature theoretical foundation, the difficulty in unifying the concept, and the non exclusive consideration of multiple factors without prioritization. The reflection on the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization requires full respect for the natural characteristics of transboundary watercourse, compliance with the principle of not causing major damage and the principle of international cooperation, clarifying the priorities of relevant considerations, and promoting the establishment of a consensus of interests of watercourse countries, thus achieving the equitable and reasonable utilization of the boundary watercourse by basin states.