汉语中一类特殊祈使句的转喻和隐喻动因

认知语言学认为,隐喻是跨不同认知域的概念映射过程,而转喻则是在同一个理想化认知模型中用一个范畴去激活另一个范畴的认知过程。隐喻和转喻是人类基本的认知能力,也是许多语法现象背后的认知动因。汉语中有一类由动词、形容词或拟声词等加上“什么”构成的特殊祈使句。此类句子在形式上表现为普通疑问句的结构,但在语法上又有一些不同于普通疑问句的特点,在语用上不表示特指性疑问,而是起到表“制止”的祈使句功能。文章结合沈家煊(1999)提出的转喻模型及雅柯布森(1956)有关隐喻和转喻与语言横组合关系和纵聚合关系之间的对应性的论述,认为此类句子的句法特点可以从转喻和隐喻共同作用的角度获得解释。

Metaphoric and Metonymic Motivations for a Special Type of Imperative Sentences in Chinese

From the perspective of cognitive linguists, metaphor is a conceptual mapping across different cognitive domains, while metonymy is essentially for one category in an Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) to activate another one in the same ICM. As the fundamental cognitive abilities of mankind, both metaphor and metonymy have been shown to be the cognitive motivations for a great variety of grammatical phenomena. In contemporary Chinese there is a special type of imperative sentences composed of some verbs, adjectives or onomatopoeia plus "shenme (what)." Syntactically speaking, this type of sentences shares the similar syntactic structure with ordinary interrogative sentences, while, at the same time, a number of syntactic distinctions are also identified. Pragmatically speaking, this type of sentences is invoked to stop certain actions instead of posing a real question. In light of the "Metonymy Model" put forward by Shen Jiaxuan (1999) and remarks by Jacobson (1956) on the relationship between metaphor and metonymy on the one hand, and syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationship on the other hand. The variations of syntactic constituents and pragmatic function are suggested to be interpretable by means of metonymy and metaphor.