中国古代帝王顾问制度

中国古代帝王在自己的周围设置顾问官员和顾问机构,主要名称有太中大夫、光禄大夫、谏大夫、侍中、散骑常侍、议郎、给事中、博士、文人待诏、馆殿学士待诏、翰林院翰林待诏、学士院翰林学士、馆阁学士、殿大学士、内阁大学士、军机处军机大臣等,在宫廷内或宫廷附近"待诏"或值班,随时听候帝王的咨询。帝王通过召对、会议、奏章、票拟、草制等形式,广泛咨询顾问的意见,为决策提供方案和依据。帝王顾问的职能主要表现在四个方面:一是参谋,就"论思献纳",为帝王出谋划策,提供决策方案;二是论议,就是审议帝王决策,"拾遗补阙",为帝王决策纠偏补正;三是服务,就是研究治国之道,了解民情社意,为帝王决策提供智力和理论支持,提高帝王的决策能力;四是制约与监督权力,就是用制度保障帝王既"兼听"大臣意见,弥补帝王的无力、无能或不作为而专断造成的阙失,又能"独断"大政,防止君权旁落、奸臣擅政,使君主专制政体下的权力运作正常有序进行。中国古代帝王顾问为帝王亲自差遣,大多为兼职,无办公衙署,出入禁中,侍从帝王,位卑权重,专门为帝王出谋划策,加强了行政权力的制约与监督机制,在一定程度上促进了帝王决策的科学化和民主化,提高了行政管理的质量和效率,有利于政治的稳定、社会的和谐和经济的可持续发展。

The Emperor's Advisory System in Ancient China

The emperors in ancient China had advisers and advisory offices around them such as Taizhongdafu,Guangludafu,Jiandafu,Shizhong,Sanjichangshi,and so on waiting in or round court for them to consult at any time.By the means of summoning,meeting,reporting,drafting,the emperors extensively consulted the advisers' opinion,which offered plans and facts for the policy-making.The function of the advisers mainly has the following four aspects.First,advising,that is,they gave counsel and offered plans for policy-maki...