社会转型加快时期西部民族地区生态环境问题治理探析

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区经济社会的发展取得了巨大变化,但是由于西部民族地区自然环境条件恶劣,加之人口增长过快和自然资源的过度开发,该地区的生态环境问题凸出.探讨西部民族地区生态环境问题治理,对于协调西部民族地区经济社会发展,保障我国生态环境安全具有重要的意义.文章立足于西部民族地区经济社会发展现实,通过对生态环境问题进行分析,明确了问题产生的原因,并提出了适合西部民族地区生态环境问题治理的对策.     

西部民族地区生态环境建设的文化思考

西部民族地区生态环境的恶化 ,直接影响了西部大开发战略的实施。本文立足于制度文化、物质文化、思想观念文化和生态文化教育 ,对西部民族地区生态环境建设作了些探讨     

我国西部地区生态环境建设问题的制约因素及对策

中国西部地区生态环境建设问题是目前学术界研究的热点问题之一。文章在深入分析了影响西部地区生态环境建设的主要因素的基础上,突出强调了西部民族地区生态环境在我国经济发展中的战略地位,提出了西部生态环境建设与可持续发展的对策,最后指出西部地区实施生态环境建设的目标。     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

西部地区小康社会建设中的民族关系问题

本文认为,西部民族地区加快全面建设小康社会和民族关系是一对既相互对立又相互统一、相互影响的重要因素。认识到经济社会发展和民族关系之间的这种互动关系,是我们实施西部大开发和在西部地区全面建设小康社会首先要考虑的问题。因而在小康社会建设中,首先应该正确区分经济问题和民族问题,不能因为经济问题涉及到民族成员而使一般的经济问题的解决带上民族问题的色彩;其次是应该加强宣传和教育引导,树立正确的国家观、平等的民族观;再其次是西部民族地区要确立正确的发展观;最后,应该建立有效的民族关系预警和防御机制,保证西部大开发与西部民族地区全面建设小康社会有一个稳定的社会环境。     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境建设探析

在西部大开发形势下,加强湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境保护工作意义重大。公众环境意识较低、环境问题与贫困等社会问题交叉、人口众多是导致湖南西部民族地区农村生态环境建设的主要因素,由此而产生的一系列环境问题亟待解决。必须坚持从实际出发,实施可持续发展战略,正确处理发展经济保与护环境的关系,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

塔拉滩地区的生态状况及建设

加强生态环境建设 ,是实施西部大开发战略的根本和切入点 ,是保证西部民族地区可持续发展的关键所在。本文针对塔拉滩地区生态恶化之现状 ,探讨了对该地区生态环境保护和建设的对策。     

西部开发的理论大阐述──评介《西部大开发战略研究丛书》

我国西地区地理范围与民族地区基本重叠，是少数民族聚居的地方，西部大开发从某种意义上讲是西部民族地区的开发，与民族有关的事宜必将存在于开发的方方面面，贯穿于开发的始终，这是西部开发的重要特点。中央关于西部开发的战略已经指明了西部开发的方向，但具体实施却刚刚起步。西部开发作为一项规模宏大的系统工程，涉及到范围广泛，相关问题庞杂，背景条件独特，结果影响巨大。如何把握它的历史背景和实现条件，如何认识它面临的有利条件和不利因素，如何乎衡方方面面和利弊得失，如何实现政治、经济、文化、社会生态环境的协调发展，…     

《西部开发促进法》与民族立法的衔接探讨

我国的西部大开发进入全面开发建设时期,国家制定《西部开发促进法》迫在眉睫。文章探讨了《西部开发促进法》与民族立法衔接的相关问题,指出唯有二者有效衔接,才能形成西部大开发和民族地区社会经济“双赢”的局面。     

多维视角下民族地区规模性返贫风险的表征、缘由及对策

我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。     

西部大开发与四川民族地区生态经济建设

四川民族地区处于长江、黄河上游的特殊地理位置，这决定了它在西部大开发中以生态环境治理为目标的发展方向。本文从四川民族地区在西部大开发中的这一特殊地位出发，分析了国家区域经济分工中四川民族地区的地位变化对四川民族地区的影响，指出四川民族地区的发展方向是建立生态经济体系，并提出了为四川民族地区的生态公共产品定价、建立生态公共产品价格支付方式的建议。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

民族地区网红经济的生成逻辑、演化路径与经济社会影响研究

网红是随着互联网发展而出现的一种新兴群体,随之产生的网红经济是一种新型商业模式。近年来,随着互联网的普及和脱贫攻坚战的推进,我国民族地区网红经济发展速度迅猛。网红经济在帮助民族地区民众增收脱贫和推动地方经济发展方面发挥了重要作用。文章结合网红经济的生成逻辑和演化路径,对民族地区网红经济的生成逻辑、演化路径进行了探究,分析了网红经济对民族地区经济社会的影响,摸清了网红经济在民族地区发展遇到的困境,并从基础设施建设、质量监管体系、特色民族文化等角度提出相关政策建议。     

伦理传承与法治推进：共同体理念下民族地区和谐劳动关系的双重保障

民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展是中华民族共同体建设的重要内容,二者在经济、文化和社会等方面密切相关。民族地区的市场性、区域性与传承性,使得其劳动关系的和谐发展需要经济伦理和法治机制双重保障。经济伦理是经济活动传承性的写照,从内部支持和保障民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展,法治则是其外部保障。在中华民族共同体理念下,唯有重视伦理传承与法治推进双重保障的互补与统一,才能有效构建民族地区和谐劳动关系。     

论经济因素对少数民族地区政治文明建设的制约

本文论述了少数民族地区政治文明建设的制约因素中的经济因素,即少数民族地区的相对贫困和绝对贫困的状况及成因,并提出消除贫困、加快发展是少数民族地区政治文明建设的物质保障。     

相对贫困绿色治理：逻辑、困境及路径——以四川藏彝民族地区为例

相对贫困绿色治理理论吸纳了绿色发展、缓解相对贫困与可持续生计意蕴,因此更能够平衡、协调与融贯“经济-社会-生态”三大系统聚焦的效率、公平与可持续取向;在实践中又沿循产业绿色化与绿色产业化运转逻辑,坚持问题追溯、过程管理与目标瞄准相结合,能够精准地消弭经济发展与生态保护中出现的间隙隔阂,进而能够真正助益藏彝民族地区实现持续性高质量发展。     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

甘肃民族地区大开发的总体思路和战略设计

本文以西部大开发为背景，主要探讨了甘肃省民族地区大开发的基本条件和制约因素，提出了大开发的总体思路和战略设计。认为甘肃民族地区的大开发应分为近期与中长期两个大的阶段，其中近期开发的战略目标是以彻底改变基础条件为重点，集中解决好结构调整、生态环境、科技教育、财政扭补等基础性问题，为中长期大开发作好准备。