美国WIC项目及对我国妇女儿童救助制度的启示

美国WIC项目是为低收入家庭及育婴期妇女、婴儿及5岁以下儿童提供营养食品、在饮食中补充营养元素、进行营养教育及相关的卫生保健和其他社会服务的项目。该项目为美国低收入家庭优生、提高美国人口质量的作用不可低估。在分析和评价我国救助制度的基础上,美国WIC项目在相关法律法规保障、政府支持、对项目不断完善和评估效果以及加强救助内容的教育等方面对我国妇女儿童救助事业的发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

用贴息贷款促进计生家庭增收致富的实践与思考

为了稳定低生育水平,深入推进人口计生工作,北京市人口计生委在总结全市农村基层＂少生快富＂经验的基础上,从2002年起,联合市农委、市财政、市农村商业银行,在北京10个远郊区县开展了＂利用财政贴息贷款扶持农村计划生育低收入家庭增收致富＂工作。所谓＂利用财政贴息贷款扶持农村计划生育低收入家庭增收致富＂项目,     

10岁女孩驾飞机购物

又称社会救济，是指国家对于遭受灾害，失去劳动能力的公民以及低收入的公民给予物质救助，以维持其最低正常生活浃的各种措施，包括城市居民最低生活保障，对农村无依靠老人，残疾人和贫困者的照顾，救灾救济，扶贫救济等。社会救助的目标是扶贫救贫，     

江苏省高邮市对计生特困家庭实施社会救助

近日,江苏省高邮市人民政府出台了《关于对计划生育特困家庭实施社会救助的工作意见》。《意见》明确对三类计生特困家庭实施社会救助:一是独生子女意外死亡,其父母年龄在45至60周岁以内,且不再生育和收养子女的家庭;二是独生子女意外伤残,其父母年龄在45至60周岁以内,且不再生育和收养子女的家庭;三是计划生育手术并发症且没有享受最低生活保障的家庭。《意见》还同时规定了对救助对象的救助申报程序和不同对象的救助额度。江苏省高邮市对计生特困家庭实施社会救助@范习岭$江苏省高邮市计生局!225600     

献计国策 给力民生——民建江苏省委江苏省计生协“思源工程—生育关怀行动”纪实

＂饮水思源献爱心,生育关怀促和谐＂。民建江苏省委和江苏省人口计生委、省计划生育协会积极探索民主党派和群众团体更好地实现社会服务和管理职能新途径,自2007年起携手共建＂思源工程—生育关怀行动＂,在全社会大力提倡和弘扬奉献爱心、互帮互爱的新风尚,积极开展对计生困难家庭精神慰藉、经济救助、捐资助学、生产扶持、科技扶持、项目...     

计生家庭状况及其生育补偿研究

通过大量的调查数据，本文重点考察、分析了我国计生家庭和计生父母面临的问题以及获得的救助、补偿等生育补偿情况，最后从转变生育补偿观念、改进生育补偿方法和加大生育补偿力度等方面提出相应的对策研究。     

个人所得税改革、家庭间接税负与家庭生育决策

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)和《2018年全国投入产出表》数据，采用倾向值得分匹配、双重差分法、联立方程模型，从全面的家庭税负角度出发，对个人所得税减免、家庭间接税负对家庭生育决策的影响进行分析。研究发现，受到个人所得税改革冲击的家庭生育二孩的概率比未受冲击的家庭高19.4%,个税改革对家庭生育具有正向激励作用；家庭个税减免额度越高，个税改革的生育促进效应越强，并且高孩次相对于低孩次对个税减免更敏感；家庭间接税负对家庭生育行为有一定的抑制作用，生活必需品间接税率应进一步降低以增强低收入家庭的孩子生养能力。研究表明，推动税收政策改革是促进生育政策和相关经济社会政策配套衔接的重要环节，在税改过程中应充分重视税收制度调整对家庭生育决策的影响。     

内蒙古自治区六大举措助推“生育关怀行动”

内蒙古自治区按照“生育需要计划，生育更需要关怀”的理念，聚焦生育行为，高扬关怀旗帜，融入和谐内涵，通过建立“生育关怀公益金”、开展“一杯奶”生育关怀、实施“锅连炕”改造、落实“幸福工程”、建立“生育保险”制度、开展救助贫困母亲活动六大举措，给予全区计生家庭关怀和帮助。     

河南禹州生育关怀情暖计生家庭

近年来，河南省禹州市人口计生委开展“生育关怀亲情牵手”行动，对计生家庭开展帮扶救助、生产支持、生活关心、解忧解困，建立和完善了计生利益导向机制和社会保障机制。     

健康风险、医疗保障与农村家庭内部资源配置

在经济转轨过程中,居民自我支出的医疗费用在不断上升,使健康风险成为影响家庭支出水平和福利水平的重要因素。文章根据实施医疗救助的3个项目省、6个项目县的住户调查资料,对救助户与非救助户的家庭消费结构进行比较。分析表明,医疗救助制度的推行对于降低医疗支出与非医疗支出之间的替代性、改善家庭内部成员之间的医疗资源分配的不均等性具有非常显著的改善作用。但同时也表明,如果居民遭受比较严重的疾患,现有医疗救助制度的力度仍是有限的。     

Ancient practice . . . current conflict. (Abortion)

A brief overview of abortion as a legal and social issue with emphasis on controversial factors is presented. The author notes that abortion involves moral codes and medical developments which are obscured by polarized rhetoric. This editorial is an introduction to a Population Bulletin issue examining abortion from several viewpoints.     

An econometric analysis of the U.S. postwar G.N.P.

Whilst most developed countries have experienced stable economic conditions during the postwar period, the acceptance of the unit root null hypothesis implies wild fluctuations in the major economic variables over time. This paper investigates the sensitivity of the decisions to accept the unit root hypothesis to the specification of the trends underlying the U.S. postwar GNP and other macro-variables. In particular, the relationship between the nominal GNP and the resident population is found to be a non-linear one. The unit root null hypothesis can be firmly rejected when the conditional mean of the nominal GNP series is represented by a quadratic trend variable and the assumptions that changes in the price level and the resident population lead to equiproportionate changes in the GNP are not enforced on the data. The case of quarterly observations is also investigated for seasonally unadjusted and adjusted data.The author is indebted to two anonymous referees and the Managing Editor for helpful comments.     

Correlates of divorce in the U.S.S.R.

The theoretical rationale of this study is that conditions associated with divorce reside outside the family within a broader social system where the family finds itself located. The absence of major differences in divorce law from one place to another within the Soviet Union makes it possible to explore this hypothesis by examining areal differentials in divorce rates. Crude divorce rates and crude marriage rates for 1960 have been published in Vestnik Statistiki for 109 political-administrative areas in the Soviet Union. Several indicators of modernization are available for the same areas from the 1959 U.S.S.R. Census of Population. About 80 per cent of the variation among areas with respect to the crude divorce rate is accounted for by six variables: the crude marriage rate, the percentage of urban population, and the employee-worker ratio in the labor force, each of which is positively associated with the divorce rate; and the proportion of poorly educated women, the ratio of children to adult males, and the mean household-family size, each of which is negatively associated with the divorce rate.     

A rejoinder to S. K. Datta and J. B. Nugent

Extract

The question of old-age security as a motivation for fertility in less-developed rural areas can be put in clearer perspective by pausing to consider the changing roles of land and offspring under the influence of fundamental demographic upheaval. Under the pre-transition regime, one generation approximately replaced the preceding one, particularly once unused but usable land became scarce and the possibility of expanding farm operations became remote. Judging from the settlement patterns and the history of the Maharashtrian study area, such a circumstance probably obtained long before the secular drop in mortality began. During this period, a single son, typically, would survive to adulthood, gradually assuming control of the father's land (or the father's trade, among non-agriculturalists) and, if the father lived long enough, would eventually be a source of security in the father's old age. It is not inappropriate to mention that this generational cycle no doubt fostered a strong urge to leave the family land to a son, so that a sonless farmer would keenly feel a lack of fulfilment. In fact, responses to certain survey questions suggest that ancestral land and male progeny are still somehow connected, according to the way village men think, to their sense of immortality. It would be hard, consequently, to separate old-age security, the idea of ‘continuing a lineage’, and the sense of immortality conferred by owning land into distinct motives for conceiving children.     

A rejoinder to S. K. Datta and J. B. Nugent

Abstract Extract The question of old-age security as a motivation for fertility in less-developed rural areas can be put in clearer perspective by pausing to consider the changing roles of land and offspring under the influence of fundamental demographic upheaval. Under the pre-transition regime, one generation approximately replaced the preceding one, particularly once unused but usable land became scarce and the possibility of expanding farm operations became remote. Judging from the settlement patterns and the history of the Maharashtrian study area, such a circumstance probably obtained long before the secular drop in mortality began. During this period, a single son, typically, would survive to adulthood, gradually assuming control of the father's land (or the father's trade, among non-agriculturalists) and, if the father lived long enough, would eventually be a source of security in the father's old age. It is not inappropriate to mention that this generational cycle no doubt fostered a strong urge to leave the family land to a son, so that a sonless farmer would keenly feel a lack of fulfilment. In fact, responses to certain survey questions suggest that ancestral land and male progeny are still somehow connected, according to the way village men think, to their sense of immortality. It would be hard, consequently, to separate old-age security, the idea of 'continuing a lineage', and the sense of immortality conferred by owning land into distinct motives for conceiving children.     

The status of women in the rural U.S.S.R.

Degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.S.R. is assessed with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification. Such analysis reveals that the emphasis in the U.S.S.R. on women's participation in production as the key to sex equality ignores other dimensions of sex stratification which are not changed using this tactic. In particular, rural traditions of higher birth rates, more authoritarian families, greater religious emphasis, and male scorn for women have kept the status of rural women even lower than that of their urban counterparts. Additionally, the agrarian techno-economic base and lack of institutional supports for childcare and housework help perpetuate sex stratification. Increasing sex differentiation is probably in store for the Soviet Union, because official pronatalist policies are likely to be facilitated by expanding the service sector, which will further increase the division of labor in the market.