中国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展初论——来自生态民族学的理论解读

产业经济生态化发展是我国西部民族地区实现可持续发展的重要物质保障和基本经济支撑,在西部民族地区产业经济发展的实践中必须重视发展生态产业。本文以生态民族学理念为指导,分五个部分先后分析了我国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展面临的多重制约,探讨了该区域产业经济生态化发展的战略构想和破解现存约束的制度创新途径,最后总结了几点具有一定普遍意义的重要启示和结论,为我国以科学的发展观为指导,最终实现全社会经济发展和人口、资源、环境相协调的发展战略提供理论依据和政策参考。     

民族地区发展民族文化旅游创意产业的三维路径——以德宏傣族景颇族自治州为例

民族文化旅游创意产业是创意产业在文化与旅游领域的延伸和发展,是民族地区借势发力、加快经济转型升级的突破口,是乘势而上、推动发展方式转变的着力点,是提速赶超实现区域经济跨越发展的增长标尺.本文以德宏自治州为例,基于产业融合、产权制度创新、技术进步三条路径对民族地区发展民族文化旅游创意产业进行了探析,并提出了相应的发展战略策略.     

人力资本投资优先:西部民族地区旅游业转型发展的路径选择

通过对西部民族地区旅游业由传统观光旅游向现代休闲旅游的转型发展实践分析,发现"人力资本投资优先"发展路径更有利于实现将传统民族文化与现代休闲旅游发展相结合的竞争战略,更能促进民族地区的经济、社会与文化全面发展,而经过三十多年的发展,西部民族地区已基本具备发展路径转变所需的人力资本积累。据此,提出了立足现有产业基础挖潜创新、全面激发中小企业和少数民族居民的创新活力、以旅游业转型发展为契机推动社会综合改革等建议。     

对民族地区建设旅游支柱产业的战略性思考

民族地区拥有得天独厚的旅游资源,美丽多姿的自然风光、丰富多彩的民族文化风情是极具开发潜力的优势资源.充分发挥优势,发展各具特色的地方经济,是实现民族地区经济振兴和繁荣的必由之路.民族地区应抓住机遇,把旅游业纳入经济腾飞的战略中,作为经济发展新的增长点和第三产业的龙头,加强领导,加快建设,开发特色旅游资源,实施旅游精品战略,建设好旅游支柱产业.     

我国民族地区旅游经济的开发与创新发展研究

在西部大开发等一系列国家政策的推动之下,我国民族地区的旅游经济得到了快速发展,逐步成为民族地区经济发展的一支中坚力量。民族地区拥有极为丰富的自然资源和文化资源,这是民族旅游经济发展的基础和保证。但开发过程中存在一些问题,制约着民族地区旅游经济的健康发展。本文在梳理民族地区旅游经济开发现状的基础上,指出取得的成就与存在的问题,并就其创新发展对策提出几点粗浅认识。     

西部民族地区教育均衡发展的新战略

本文通过分析探讨西部大开发的战略思想、教育均衡发展的相关理念及西部民族地区教育非均衡发展现状 ,指出西部民族地区的教育发展与全国平均水平和东部水平相比 ,都存在着较为明显的非均衡发展问题 ;必须通过进一步强化政府的教育主体责任、建立“西部民族地区教育优先发展区”、促进民族教育与区域经济协调发展等政策 ,实现西部民族教育的均衡发展战略     

湘西州民族旅游开发浅议

20世纪90年代以来,湘西州大力挖掘民族旅游资源,发展特色旅游,取得了显著成就。通过对民族文化的挖掘,形成了系列旅游产品,打造了凤凰古城、德夯苗寨等一批知名景点,极大地促进了地方经济建设。与此同时,湘西自治州在民族旅游开发中也存在缺乏规划、开发水平较低、景区管理不到位等问题,必须引起高度重视。本文就如何加强湘西州民族旅游开发谈点不成熟的意见,以就教于方家。(一)　抓住西部大开发机遇,以科学发展观为指导进行民族旅游开发。随着国家西部大开发战略的实施,人流、物流、资金流都快速涌向西部地区,湖南省也提出了“举全省之力,…     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

观点摘要

●《广西民族学院》2004年第2期发表了蒋彬博士《西部民族地区城镇化与全面小康社会建设》一文,文中探讨了我国西部民族地区的城镇化问题。文章首先分析了我国西部民族地区城镇化与小康社会建设的关系及意义:城镇化与小康社会建设都是西部民族地区实现现代化的一个过程;城镇化可以获得集聚经济效应,扩大内需,推动经济快速发展;城镇化是解决“三农”问题的重要途径;城镇化是实现可持续发展的重要手段。推进城镇化战略是全面建设小康社会的重要途径,也是全面建设小康社会的一项重要目标和任务。加速我国西部民族地区的城镇化步伐,加快西部民族…     

四川民族地区经济发展战略思考 --以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例

本文介绍了四川民族地区的经济发展现状,并从产业结构上分析了制约发展的原因,进一步提出实现四川民族地区经济跨越式发展的对策深化改革,提高经济增长的质量和效益,实现所有制结构、经济体制和企业组织形式上的跨越;建设长江、黄河上游生态屏障,为四川民族地区及四川经济的跨越式发展尊定坚实的基础;调整经济结构,推进资源开发的跨越,形成有竞争实力的区域经济新格局;狠抓基础教育,夯实教育基础,积极开发人才资源,实现人力资源与素质的跨越.     

论民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护

近年来,我国的民族文化旅游迅速发展,特别是在少数民族地区更成为旅游发展的重要内容。而民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护,直接涉及到民族文化旅游的可持续发展问题。本文在总结前人开发、保护经验的基础上,从理论与实践两个角度提出了开发保护民族文化旅游资源的一些具体措施。建立民族文化旅游博物馆,以保护在现代社会已失去实用价值、逐渐消亡的民族文化。通过法律保护可接触性文化遗产,通过引导、教育社区民众以保护不可接触性文化遗产。     

西部大开发与四川民族地区生态经济建设

四川民族地区处于长江、黄河上游的特殊地理位置，这决定了它在西部大开发中以生态环境治理为目标的发展方向。本文从四川民族地区在西部大开发中的这一特殊地位出发，分析了国家区域经济分工中四川民族地区的地位变化对四川民族地区的影响，指出四川民族地区的发展方向是建立生态经济体系，并提出了为四川民族地区的生态公共产品定价、建立生态公共产品价格支付方式的建议。     

四川民族自治地方非物质文化遗产保护现状与保护策略

一直以来四川民族自治地方开展了具有一定广度和深度的非物质文化遗产保护工作,逐渐形成了国家、省、市（州）、县四级非物质文化遗产代表性名录保护体系。非物质文化遗产保护的＂后申报时期＂,四川民族自治地方应力争实现民族自治地方文化资源与优势资源结合、民族文化资源带动经济发展方式的深刻转变,探索非物质文化遗产保护常态化、产业化、多元化、专业化、制度化的发展策略和制度支撑。     

旅游语境下藏文化的真实再造:九寨沟《藏迷》的个案分析

随着我国民族旅游业的迅速发展，旅游开发中过度“商业化”和“表演化”的倾向日益突出，旅游者由此而产生的真实体验需求也更加强烈。在此背景下，一些旅游开发商开始将“真实性”作为民族文化旅游开发的重要内容之一，在不断提升游客体验质量的同时，也出现了一些问题，包括偏重于“真实”符号的堆砌而忽略了文化内涵的有效传递，片面强调“真实”场景的打造而缺乏对细节生活片段的展示，以及在展出中过度追求艺术化、精品化而忽略了旅游体验的娱乐性和大众性等。本文通过对九寨沟《藏迷》中“真实再造”的个案分析，指出上述所存在的问题及其根源，并提出相应的策略建议，以利于民族旅游中“真实再造”的顺利进行。     

民族地区自然生态利益探析

本文认为 ,自然生态利益是民族地区的一种重要利益。维护民族地区的自然生态利益 ,是发展民族经济 ,提高少数民族群众物质文化生活水平 ,加强民族团结 ,保持社会稳定 ,全面推进民族地区小康社会建设的需要 ,是代表少数民族群众根本利益的表现。目前 ,民族地区自然生态利益正受到严重威胁 ,必须采取有效措施予以保护。要从提高思想认识、加大经费投入、调整产业结构、实行制度创新、运用现代科技、加强法治等方面来维护民族地区的自然生态利益     

四川少数民族人口发展路径探析

从人口数量、质量、结构三个方面分析四川少数民族人口发展现状,发现少数民族人口发展与区域资源环境、经济社会发展不协调带来了诸多问题,如人口增长过快导致的人均耕地锐减、环境恶化、就业压力增大,人口质量难以满足经济社会发展的需要,人口城市化滞后的消极效应等。为此,实现少数民族人口现代化的路径需控制人口数量、提高人口素质、推进人口城市化。     

民族地区全面建设小康社会的战略构想及政策建议

中国未来 2 0年现代化建设的基本任务是全面建设惠及十几亿人民的小康社会 ,其实质就是“共同富裕”。这就客观决定了中国全面建设小康社会的重点和难点是民族地区 ,而民族地区全面建设小康社会的关键又在于如何进一步缩小与东部地区的发展差距。基于这一判断 ,本文提出民族地区全面建设小康社会的战略构想及若干政策建议。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的评价体系构建

推动民族村寨旅游业高质量发展,既是适应新时代社会主要矛盾转变的客观要求,又是发展民族地区经济和复兴民族传统文化的必然选择。只有构建科学的评价体系,才能为进一步完善民族村寨旅游业高质量发展提供方向指导。本文基于新发展理念,从产业创新发展、产业协调发展、产业绿色发展、产业开放发展和产业共享发展五个维度评估了包括旅游创新机制、城乡协调、产业资源共享等在内的15个指标层级和32个具体指标的民族村寨旅游业高质量发展评价体系。该评价体系可以初步掌握民族村寨旅游资源的利用质量及效果,及时反映出民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的整体情况,从而精准民族村寨旅游业高质量发展靶向。