基于LSV模型的机构与个人羊群行为研究

超常规发展机构投资者并未有效抑制市场波动,侵害中小投资者利益的现象时有发生。为探究中国证券市场的投资者羊群倾向究竟是机构投资者还是个人投资者,本文使用2006年至2016年Wind数据库中年均950家所有可验证的机构数据以及某券商年均40万条个人交易数据,运用LSV模型对投资者羊群行为进行检验,并比较机构投资者与个人投资者的行为差异。在结合投资者发展结构和十年间的市场波动特征后研究发现,无论是公募基金、保险公司、券商、社保基金还是QFⅡ等机构投资者,均具有比个人投资者更显著的羊群效应,个人投资者中仅"大户"在部分年间显示出一定的羊群倾向。研究还创新性地发现了公募基金羊群倾向的季度波动效应,表现为一、三季度和二、四季度的明显差异,且振幅逐年加剧;保险公司的投资行为则趋于成熟缓和。     

羊群效应

正羊群效应(herd instinct;herd behaviour),又称从众效应,指追随大众的想法及行为,缺乏自己的个性和主见的投资状态。亦作"群居本能"。投资者莫名其妙地随波逐流、追涨杀跌的心理特征。羊群心理或群     

投资者眼中的QFII

中国证监会和中国人民银行联合发布的 《合格境外机构投资者境内证券投资管理暂行办法》（简称QFII）于12月1日起正式施行。所谓合格境外机构投资者（QFII），是指符合本办法规定的条件，经中国证监会批准投资于中国证券市场，并取得国家外汇管理局额度批准的中国境外基金管理机构、保险公司、证券公司以及其他资产管理机构。瑞银华宝：力争成为进入中国的首批合格外国机构投资者 瑞银华宝亚洲区主席贺利华日前表示，中国通过实施“合格境外机构投资者”（QFII）制度，向外国机构投资者开放Ａ股市场，不仅是中国证券市场对外…     

羊群效应

羊群效应（herd instinct;herd behaviour）,又称从众效应,指追随大众的想法及行为,缺乏自己的个性和主见的投资状态。亦作“群居本能”。投资者莫名其妙地随波逐流、追涨杀跌的心理特征。羊群心理或群居本能是缺乏个性导致的思维或行为方式。在经济过热、市场充满泡沫时表现更加突出。     

机构投资者异质性、企业产权与公司绩效——基于股权分置改革前后的比较分析

本文利用2003-2009年有机构持股的A股上市公司为样本,基于不同的企业产权,利用两阶段最小二乘模型研究了不同类型的机构投资者在股改前、股改中对公司绩效的影响。首先讨论了以基金为代表的国内机构投资者和合格境外机构投资者(QFII)与公司绩效的关系,发现基金持股与公司绩效之间存在显著的正向关系,表明基金持股有助于提高公司绩效,而QFII对我国上市公司绩效没有影响。然后,研究了股权分置改革对机构持股与上市公司绩效关系的影响,以及股权分置改革前后,产权性质对机构持股与上市公司绩效关系的影响。结果显示,国有产权性质和股改过程这两个因素对以基金为首的国内机构投资者在提高公司绩效方面有不利影响,而对还未介入我国上市公司治理的QFII的投资行为没有明显影响。     

机构投资者、流动性与信息效率

首次考察了机构持股、流动性以及二者的交互项对信息效率的影响。研究发现,基于3种不同的信息效率测度,机构持股比例的增加以及流动性水平的提高均会促进信息效率。进一步,通过引入机构持股与流动性的交互作用,发现中国证券市场一个有趣的现象：随着流动性水平提高,机构投资者持股比例的增加会在一定程度上减弱信息效率。这可能是因为伴随着高的交易量,机构投资者利用私有信息增持股份的信息被更多的投资者获取并加以模仿,导致股价有偏（如羊群行为）且所承载的私有信息减少,从而减弱了信息效率。     

股票分析师的羊群行为对公司股价同步性的影响分析

股价"同涨同跌"是我国股票市场的一种重要现象。多股集体"暴跌"会给公司和投资者造成严重的损失,因而股价同步性的问题受到监管者和学术界的广泛关注。本文以2010-2017年股票分析师对上市公司做出的预测为主要研究对象,验证了股票分析师的羊群行为与公司股价同步性间的关系,讨论了机构投资者和市场情绪的作用机制。实证结果表明我国股票分析师的羊群行为是"非信息驱动"的真羊群行为,这种行为降低了市场上的特质信息含量,从而增加了公司的股价同步性。上述关系在熊市中更为显著,并且分析师与机构投资者之间的利益冲突会加剧其羊群行为对股价同步性的影响。本文的研究对理解如何降低股价崩盘风险、提高我国股票市场的信息传递效率具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。     

机构投资者信息挖掘、羊群行为与股价崩盘风险

聚焦机构投资者决策行为背后的信息驱动因素，选取2007年～2017年沪深A股作为研究样本，构建了机构投资者信息挖掘能力的度量指标，分析机构投资者信息挖掘能力的差异对股价崩盘风险的影响效应及其中介路径.实证发现，持股机构投资者信息挖掘能力的差异程度越大，则越能减缓样本股票的股价崩盘风险.多重链式中介效应检验表明羊群行为在其中起到了部分中介效应，也即信息挖掘能力差异会导致机构投资者的羊群行为程度降低，进而缓解了股价崩盘风险.在不同市场环境中，熊市中这种缓解效应相较于牛市更加明显.同时，良好的公司内外部环境不仅能有效降低股价崩盘的风险，也可以加强机构投资者信息挖掘能力差异性对股价崩盘风险的缓解效应.研究结论为全面认识机构投资者信息挖掘能力以及如何降低股价崩盘风险提供了借鉴.     

QFII扩容先过两道“坎”

QFII能否如郭树清所希望的,未来投资占比在A股取得10倍的增量,不仅取决于决策层对QFII同比例的政策扩容,还取决于我国对境外资本账户的进一步开放,更取决于A股治理层面的真实提高。A股近半年来的冰火翻转,QFII(合格的境外机构投资者)作用堪称巨大,其作为战略投资者对A股的投资,对于持续低迷的A股市场,无疑具有稳定和刺激的风向标效应。决策层在去年为吸引QFII投资A股市场,可谓用心良苦:在对QFII额度大幅扩容的同时,沪深交易所更于去年累次派人前往国外,游说境外基金投资A股。     

债务网络、投资者行为与传染性风险:来自中国银行业与房地产业的研究发现

现有研究表明,金融行业与其他产业间的关系日趋紧密且复杂,风险在金融系统与其他产业间的传播机理日益受到关注.利用中国银行业和房地产业间的传染性风险测度结果,分别检验了行业间传染性风险的两大诱因:债务网络和投资者行为.结果表明,债务网络是传染性风险的主要诱因,在控制了债务关系后,行业间传染性风险显著降低;同时投资者行为对风险传染发生的概率有显著影响,尤其当投资者和公司之间的信息不对称现象较为严重时,外部的负向冲击(使投资者形成对相关市场负面预期的冲击)会导致传染性风险发生的概率增大.研究结果不仅对相关理论进行了验证和补充,同时也提供了有益的政策建议,以帮助更加有效地监管行业间传染性风险.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.