机构投资者关注上市公司的信息透明度吗?——基于不同类型机构投资者选股能力视角

机构投资者一直以具有较好的选股能力立足于资本市场。本文利用2004-2007年深交所的上市公司为样本,从信息透明度角度检验机构投资者的选股能力。实证研究发现:与预期一样,在信息透明度评级较高的公司,机构持股比例会较高和持股机构数目会较多,短线机构持股比例会较高;在信息透明度评级上升的公司,机构会调高持股比例和增加机构数目,短线机构会调高持股比例,长线机构投资者并不会基于信息透明度评级的变化调节其持股比例;与预期相反,在信息透明度评级较高的公司长线机构持股比例会较高。因此,提高公司持股机构化的同时拓宽机构投资者信息获取通道是当务之急。     

机构投资者持股比例与上市公司盈余管理的实证研究

本文分析了机构投资者在完善上市公司治理结构、约束管理层盈余管理中的作用。首先通过管理者与机构投资者的博弈分析发现,当机构持股比例很低时,机构不存在监管意愿,只有当机构持股比例较高时,才会积极地监管盈余管理。其次,以2004-2006年沪深两市的上市公司为样本,通过实证研究发现盈余管理与机构投资者持股之间存在倒U型关系,持股比例13.07%是机构投资者是否有效抑制盈余管理行为的临界值;盈余管理程度与机构股东的数量呈正相关关系,即随着上市公司中机构股东数量的增加,机构的监管效率会下降。     

机构投资者信息搜寻、公开信息透明度与私有信息套利

本文利用特有的机构投资者私有信息搜寻数据,研究了机构投资者的信息搜寻、透明度与私有信息套利的关系。本文的研究发现,机构投资者的信息搜寻和信息披露的透明度降低了私有信息套利,而且机构投资者信息搜寻、信息披露透明度在私有信息套利严重的公司对降低私有信息套利的作用更加明显。同时,本文的研究结果也表明,机构投资者信息搜寻与信息披露透明度对私有信息套利存在交互效应,随着信息披露透明度的提高,机构投资者信息搜寻对私有信息套利的边际效应下降。     

机构投资者持股对信息披露的治理作用研究——以管理层盈余预告为例

本文以我国A股上市公司2004-2007年盈余预告披露数据为例,实证检验了机构投资者对信息披露的治理作用。结果发现:(1)随着机构投资者持股比例的增加,管理层采取的盈余预告精确性提高(更具体的形式和更小的误差),及时性也增强;(2)银行、财务公司类机构、一般基金类机构对管理层盈余预告选择的积极治理作用相对较强,而养老、保险类机构对管理层盈余预告选择的积极治理作用则相对较弱;(3)处于不同持股规模时,管理层盈余预告的精确性、及时性均随着机构投资者整体持股比例增大而提高。但是,机构投资者持股比例的提高易导致了管理层盈余预告的乐观态度倾向;(4)股权分置改革后,机构投资者持股对管理层盈余预告披露选择的积极治理作用比股权分置改革前有所增强。建议大力发展机构投资者规模和专业素质以优化投资者结构,促进我国资本市场的健康发展。     

机构投资者持股与上市公司会计盈余信息关系实证研究

本文从机构投资者持股和上市公司盈余信息关系的视角出发,分析机构投资者在公司治理中的作用。以2000～2003年沪市A股为样本,经过研究发现:盈余信息及时性与机构持股比例正相关。公司治理结构合理,盈余信息及时性强,是吸引机构投资的动因。机构持股比例与盈余管理负相关。机构持股比例越高,越能有效抑制操纵应计利润的盈余管理行为,增强盈余信息真实性,说明机构持股参与公司治理能够改善公司治理结构,使上市公司的经营更加规范、有效。     

机构投资者、代理成本与公司价值——基于随机前沿模型及门槛回归的实证分析

本文运用随机前沿模型,从代理成本的视角出发,实证检验了以证券投资基金为代表的机构投资者对公司价值的影响。研究结果表明,机构投资者持股对公司价值具有显著正面影响,但同时也表现出明显的“倒L”型特征。基于这一发现,进一步采用Hansen（1999）提出的面板门槛模型,测算了机构投资者对公司价值的影响发生显著结构性变化时的门槛水平,结果表明,当机构持股比例超过大约12%时,机构投资者对公司价值的提升作用会大幅减弱。同时,本文还发现,开放式基金相较于封闭式基金对公司价值的提升具有更加积极的作用。     

机构投资者持股情景、自由现金与投资效率

本文在分析机构投资者持股情景对投资效率影响机理的基础上,实证检验机构投资者持股情景(机构投资者持股结构、基金持股期限和公司中机构投资者持股比例)对现金富余公司过度投资和现金短缺公司投资不足的作用。结果发现:相比于非基金,基金持股可缓解现金短缺公司的投资不足;相比于短线型基金,长线型基金既可抑制现金富余公司的过度投资,又可减缓现金不足公司的投资不足;进一步研究发现,在机构投资者持股比例高的公司,长线型基金可抑制现金富余公司的过度投资,非基金、基金(包括长线型基金和短线型基金)都可减缓现金短缺公司的投资不足。研究结论为监管层引导机构持股结构优化、机构持股长期化和公司持股机构化提供了新的思路和证据,同时也深化了对公司投资决策的理解。     

投服中心持股与上市公司股价同步性——基于一项准自然实验

中小投资者保护是资本市场高质量发展的内在要求,证监会于2014年设立的中证中小投资者服务中心（简称投服中心）便是为此开展的一项重要制度创新。本文巧妙利用投服中心于2016年2月在沪湘粤三地所发起公益性持股这一准自然实验情境,通过构造双重差分模型考察了其持股行为对资本市场信息效率的影响。研究发现,相较于非试点地区上市公司,投服中心进行公益性持股试点地区上市公司股价同步性更低,提升了资本市场信息效率。机制研究表明,投服中心持股主要通过改善信息环境与促进中小投资者积极主义来影响上市公司股价同步性。异质性分析发现,上述关系在投资者保护程度较低、机构持股比例较高与媒体关注度较高的样本中更显著。本文不仅拓展了投服中心持股与股价同步性领域的研究视角,还为提升我国资本市场信息效率提供了基于中小投资者保护层面的可行之策。     

基金持股与交易行为对股价联动的影响分析

基于手工收集的基金交易数据,考察了基金持股和交易对股价中公司特有信息(以股价联动作为测度)的影响.研究发现:首先,基金持股对股价联动的作用受其持股比例大小的影响,只有当基金持股比例较高时,基金持股能够增加股价信息含量,降低股价联动性;其次,与基金持股相比,基金交易能够直接将公司特有信息融入到股价中,降低股价联动性,且相对于卖出行为,基金的买入行为能够传递更多的公司信息,对股价联动性的影响更大;最后,公司的规模越大,公司信息透明度越好,机构投资者的交易行为能传递更多的公司特有信息,对股价联动性的影响也越大.总之,基金的交易行为,推动了股票价格对公司特有信息的吸收,降低了股价联动性,提高了资本市场的信息效率.     

机构投资者异质性、投资期限与公司盈余管理

从机构投资者的投资期限与上市公司的会计盈余信息关系视角,分析不同投资期限的机构投资者在公司治理中的作用。使用Gaspar等指标,把机构投资者分为长期机构投资者和短期机构投资者,利用我国上市公司2003-2011年数据,实证检验了机构投资者的投资期限对盈余管理的影响。结果发现:与预期一致,长期机构投资者的持股比例越高,越能体现其公司治理效应,即与盈余管理及正向盈余管理显著负相关;短期机构投资者比例越高,越能体现其投资的短视行为,即与盈余管理及正向盈余管理显著正相关。长期机构投资占优和短期机构投资占优分别体现其公司治理效应和信息交易效应,说明只有长期机构投资者才能参与公司治理、改善公司治理结构。因此,提高长线机构投资者的持股比例和建立长线机构投资者的激励机制才是当务之急。     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

COMMUNICATION,COORDINATION, AND NETWORKS

We study experimentally the role of the network structure of pre‐play communication in determination of outcome and behavior in a multiplayer coordination game with conflicting preferences. We explore the trade‐off between the efficiency and equity of coordination outcomes and its link to the network structure of communication. Our results show substantial variations in both efficiency and equity of coordination outcomes across networks. While, as expected, increasing the length of communication improves the chance of successful coordination, it also reduces the asymmetry in the distribution of coordinated outcomes. We identify behaviors that explain variations in the distribution of coordinated outcomes both within and across networks. In all treatments, coordination is mostly explained by convergence in communication.     

ATTITUDES,POLICIES, AND WORK

We study whether cultural attitudes towards gender, the young, and leisure are significant determinants of the employment rates of women and of the young, and of hours worked. We do this controlling for policies, institutions and other structural characteristics of the economy which may influence labor market outcomes. We identify the effect of culture exploiting the evolution over time within country, as well as across countries, of cultural attitudes. We also address the endogeneity of attitudes, policies, and institutions, and allow for the persistent nature of labor market outcomes. We find that culture matters for women's employment rates and for hours worked. However, policies, in particular employment protection legislation and taxes, are also important and their quantitative impact substantial.