我国教育投资短缺的原因及对策研究

教育投资短缺已成为制约我国教育发展的一大障碍。本文分析了造成教育投资短缺的原因，认为教育供给不足，需求无限以及教育投资效率低下是其主要原因，而解决这一问题的基本对策是增加教育供给，抑制需求，提高教育投资效率。     

"诚信"--中国传统公法文化中的观念

"诚信",作为中国古代的一项道德原则,产生于远古的祭祀活动,发展于春秋的会盟活动。它以等级政治道德要求为核心,包括人神之信、君臣之信和君民之信,而这些内容为等级结构和法律所制约。从性质上说,"诚信"是中国传统公法文化中的重要观念;而作为普遍道德意义上的诚信和基于商品契约的诚信,并没有成为中国古代社会独立的社会道德和法律原则。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME IN A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY Labor income shares （LIS） in economic development： an empirical study based on China＇s sectoral-level data

从产业角度对中国劳动收入占比的变化进行实证研究,可以发现,产业结构变化和不同产业劳动收入占比以正相关性同时变化,均加剧了劳动收入占比的波动。基于产业数据对劳动收入占比变化进行分解,可以发现：相对于1993年,1996年劳动收入占比上升主要是由第二产业劳动收入占比提高造成的;相对于1996年,2003年劳动收入占比下降主要与第一产业比重下降有关;2004年的情况比较特殊,这一年劳动收入占比剧烈下降主要源于统计口径变化,造成第二、三产业劳动收入占比大幅减少。劳动收入占比在地区之间存在巨大差异,但是随着时间的推移,该差异在逐渐缩小,这与产业结构和产业内劳动收入占比的变化也密切相关。     

中国对俄直接投资对中俄贸易的影响

中国对俄直接投资的迅速发展必然会对中俄贸易产生一定的影响.为深入分析中国对俄直接投资的贸易效应,采用面板数据模型,对中国对俄直接投资与进出口之间的关系进行实证研究,并将俄罗斯与中国其他主要投资东道国的情况进行比较分析.结果表明:中国对俄直接投资具有显著的出口创造效应与进口创造效应,且出口创造效应高于进口创造效应;与其他主要投资东道国相比,中国对俄直接投资对出口的促进作用较强,而对进口的促进作用较弱.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Measuring Infant‐Mother Attachment: Is the Strange Situation Enough?

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a new procedure for assessing infant-mother attachment. Sixty children (34 in child care) and their mothers were seen in the Strange Situation (SS) at 17 months and in a new attachment assessment, the California Attachment Procedure (CAP), which does not involve mother-child separations, at 18 months. Overall, children were more likely to be classified as secure in the CAP (83% vs. 67%), but this was particularly true for children with experience in routine nonmaternal care. Of the children in nonmaternal care who were insecure in the SS, 91% were secure in the CAP, whereas of the maternal-care children who were insecure in the SS, only 44% were secure in the CAP. Attachment security in the CAP was more highly correlated with observed maternal sensitivity than was attachment security in the SS, particularly for children in nonmaternal care.     

对普寂生平的两个澄清——兼论唐代洛阳有兴唐寺

史书对唐代北宗禅高僧普寂晚年居住地和籍贯,有不同记载。据李邕《大照禅师塔铭》和《资治通鉴》《旧唐书》《元和姓纂》等史料考证：（1）普寂晚年居住洛阳,并卒于此;（2）长乐信都是普寂俗家郡望,蒲州河东是其旧居地。在对普寂晚年驻锡之所的考证中,可以发现,唐代洛阳有兴唐寺。     

Are children in foster care in better psychological health than children in institutions? What factors influence the outcome?

The aim of this study was to compare the psychological health of children in foster care with that of children in institutional care. Social workers were asked to assess the psychological health of the children as well as several other criteria on the basis of an analysis grid. Our sample consisted of 568 children placed in foster care and 661 children placed in institutions. Our results show that children in care who lived longer with their birth parents have a lower psychological health. Furthermore, the psychological health of children in residential care is lower than children placed in foster families. As children in institution are placed later than children in foster families, this may partially explain the lower psychological health of children in residential care. As a result, children in residential care have experienced more abuse and neglect and witnessed more domestic violence than children in foster care. In addition, children in residential care have more poor-quality contacts with their birth parents than children in foster family. These contacts negatively influence their psychological health. Finally, the factor that most influences the psychological health of children in care is the quality of the relationship with the people who care for them on a daily basis. Again, children placed in foster families have better-quality relationships with their foster families than children placed in institutions.     

浅析唐代选取驸马的标准

根据现存史料与文献,对唐代选取驸马的标准进行分析,可以看出在唐代即使贵为天女、公主的婚姻仍摆脱不了父母之命,对驸马选择标准的变化,事实上也随着帝王政治需要的变化、帝王兴趣爱好的变化而发生变化。存在一个围绕着政治因素变化的曲线:初唐之时为政治联姻,政治标准为首要标准;身处盛世、政局已稳之时仍为政治联盟,但政治性相对能弱些;末世之时这一政治性特点又随之增强。只是处在盛世之时,公主会幸运些,除政治、姻亲血缘标准外,还会以亲族、才学、品德等作为一定标准。     

Trends in the urbanization process in Central America in the 1980's

In the 1980s, urbanization in Central America was increasing compared to the three previous decades. By 1990, the urban population reached 42% in Guatemala, 44% in El Salvador, 43% in Honduras, 59% in Nicaragua, 53% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The urban population increased mostly in the largest cities, in contrast to Latin America, where secondary cities grew fastest. This trend was particularly true in Managua and San Salvador because of the military conflicts. The only exception was Honduras, where the second city underwent stronger growth. The urban population comprised 51.7% women and 48.3% men in Central America. The segregation and polarization of social classes was also increasing because of increased poverty and unemployment during the 1980s. This was partly caused by the increasing privatization of public services, decentralization, and the reinforcement of local governments, which all ensued from the structural readjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund. This neoliberal model of economic development in the short run resulted in increased poverty and unemployment for the urban populations. In 1982, the informal sector represented 29% of the total employment in Central America, and its share reached 40% in Managua and San Salvador. Urban unemployment increased from 2.2% in 1980 to 12% in 1988 in Guatemala; from 8.8% to 13.1% in Honduras; and from 10.4% to 20.8% in Panama. In the political arena, the process of democratization was underway, with civil presidents taking power and promoting privatization and deregulation of the economy. There was a close relationship between the urban social structure, the economy, and politics in the region. In Costa Rica, during the Arias administration between 1986 and 1990, a program was implemented creating 80,000 new homes, and in El Salvador there was an increasing demand to find a negotiated solution to the military conflict. These new political and economic perspectives could lead to genuine popular participation in solving urban problems.     

中国职业性别隔离的趋势：1982-2010

本文使用1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年四次中国人口普查数据,采用详尽、统一的职业分类系统,探索中国经济体制改革以来职业的性别隔离水平变化趋势及其原因。研究发现,全部职业的性别隔离程度自1982年至今持续上升。非农职业的性别隔离经历了一个先升后降的过程,从20世纪80年代开始提高,自1990年以来不断下降。本研究明确区分了职业结构的变化和性别构成的变化对职业性别隔离的影响,后者对理解性别不平等更有实质意义。     

“外儒内法”之再辩正——以明代的法律实践为中心的考察

我国封建王朝的法律实践,无论是立法,还是司法,都体现了依礼制法、以礼入法、以法护礼、以法行礼的原则与精神。明代的立法和司法两方面的法律实践都证明,"礼"是明朝统治者统治的最高准则与核心,从而进一步证明了我国封建王朝的统治是"外儒内儒",而非学界一向认为的"外儒内法"。     

Gender, Values, and Environmentalism

Objective . The social psychological values altruism, self-interest, traditionalism, and openness to change are key correlates of environmental concern and proenvironmental behavior. We investigate the relationship between gender and these values to better understand gender differences in environmentalism. We consider both gender differences in value priorities (differences in mean response on value scales) and differences in the meaning of values (differences in the factor structure of values) as well. Methods . Our analysis is based on data from a random-digit dialed national telephone survey of U.S. adults conducted in 1994. We examine differences in factor structure of values for a group of 145 white men and 200 white women using confirmatory factor analysis and differences in mean value scores using multivariate analysis of variance. Results . We find no substantial differences in value factor structure, but differences in value priorities, with women ranking altruism as more important than men. Conclusions . Our analysis supports work that focuses on mean differences in environmentalism across genders without examining gender differences in factor structure, although further examination of gender differences in factor structure is warranted. Our results also highlight the importance of gender differences in altruism as a basis for gender differences in environmentalism.     

A Question of Power: Contemporary Self–Mutilation among Aborigines in the Kimberley

Non-traditional self-mutilation among young adult Aborigines in the Kimberley region of Western Australia has emerged in the 1980s in parallel to increases in other forms of intentional personal violence (including suicide, homicide and deaths from accidents). Having noted certain characteristics in common with self-mutilators encountered in psychiatric practice in the wider society, the author proceeds to a socio-historical analysis that foregrounds the changing intracultural dynamics of power among post-referendum Kimberley Aborigines. The intercultural context of these changes and the role of alcohol are examined in terms of their impact on the construction of identity.     

方言中的同素逆序词分析

方言中也有不少双音词和共同语双音词的词素逆序,方言中的同素逆序词大多数传承了古汉语同素逆序词中的一序(BA),而普通话说另一序(AB),或者古汉语两序均保留在方言中,普通话用其中一序;有少数是方言颠倒普通话的说法。由于语言习惯、方言体系以及其他方面的差别,南北各方言对同素逆序词选择和保留的标准并不一致。     

对农村产业结构优化调整的思考

本文针对我国农村产业结构存在的三次产业构成不合理、一次产业内部存在品种结构、种植结构和区域结构不合理、农村工业与城市工业重复率高、劳动力剩余量大且素质较低、农产品加工技术含量低、科技贡献率不高等问题,提出优化调整农村产业结构应着重做好政府引导、产业布局、产业内部结构优化、主导产业的选择、加快城市化进程及提高科技贡献率、改变经济增长方式等措施,实现由以产量为中心向以效益为中心的转变,实现农村产业结构的优化和升级.     

唐代进士科“以诗赋取士”辨析

唐代进士科从初唐的策问取士,到武则天的始试杂文诗赋,再到盛唐时期单纯试诗甚至律诗,充分表明了进士科考与唐代诗歌文学之间愈来愈密切的关系.这种密切关系推进了唐代科举于文学的偏重,同时刺激和催发了唐代诗歌的发展与繁荣.     

咸丰间江苏文言小说集四种叙考

晚清咸丰年间,江南尤其是江苏受到了战争的影响,文言小说创作成就总体下降。昆山孙兆溎的《花笺录》、苏州宋芬的《虫鸣漫录》、武进冯晟的《谈屑》、上海黄本铨的《小家语》是现存的四部咸丰间江苏文人创作志怪传奇小说集,代表了这一时期江苏文言小说创作的水平和特点。     

方志舆图制作中方向处理的个案研究——以道光《紫阳县志》的舆图为例

方志舆图制作中的方向处理是方志舆图制作的一项重要内容,也是我们对方志舆图进行研究一项重要内容;对方志舆图制作中的方向处理的方法及原则进行探讨应具有一定数量的、遵循同一制图原则的方志舆图;道光《紫阳县志》中的31幅舆图则可以满足方志舆图制作中的方向处理方法及原则探讨的需要;道光《紫阳县志》舆图方向处理的方法实际上体现出了以高为上或以山为上的方志舆图方向处理的原则,这是一种经验性的方向处理的原则;这一原则对于探讨乾嘉时期乃至明至清代中前期方志舆图的方向处理具有一定的参考价值。     

Behavioural and emotional problems of children by type of out-of-home care in Croatia

The aim of this article is to compare the kinds of behavioural and emotional problems of youth in relation to type of out-of-home placement in Croatia. Children living in children's homes manifest significantly more behavioural and emotional problems than other groups of children in out-of-home care or children living in their primary families. Children living in foster families or in family-type homes integrated in the community do not differ from a comparative group of children living in primary families. Regardless of differences among sub-samples regarding behavioural and emotional problems, the current problems of individual children in all groups of children in out-of-home placement were connected more to currently experienced stressors than to unfavourable circumstances before their removal. This indicates that there are benefits to be gained by improving services in the children's present care environment.