当代国际永久性移民

国际移民政策的重大变化 永久性移民,是国际人口迁移的重要形式之一;但它并没有严格的定义,通常指的是一个国家的人长期移居另一个国家,并享受该国合法公民的大部分权利,主要是居留权和工作权,经过一段时间(例如5年或更长一些)以后,入籍为该国公民,则可基本上享受其全部权利,包括选举权。 国际间的永久性移民由来已久,19世纪中叶至第一次世界大战前后为其高峰期,1881年至1930年仅从欧洲即移出了4000万人。本世纪30年代,受资本主义世界经济危机的影响,移民人数大减。第二次世界大战后有所恢复,但总的规模与前述高峰期相比,仍有很大差距。     

美国农村人口迁移与启示

美国农村人口迁移始于 2 0世纪 2 0年代 ,结束于 6 0年代 ,均为自发性的移民。其农村人口迁移具有阶段性 ,第一阶段主要是迁往大城市 ,且具有较高文化层次的选择性 ,第二阶段移民则不具有文化选择性 ,移民规模与非农经济发展呈正相关关系 ,移民迁出地与迁入地的距离与移民规模也是呈正相关。美国农村人口迁移的经验 ,对我国农村人口迁移有一定启示。     

1960年以来中国周边邻国国际移民的变迁趋势

利用世界银行全球双边迁移数据库和联合国全球移民存量数据库，对1960～2020年中国周边邻国国际移民的变化趋势进行分析，同时关注邻国国际移民的来华情况，并对其未来趋势进行预判。研究发现，60年间，中国邻国国际移民存量与邻国来华移民存量均呈现先减后增的阶段性变化特征。与此同时，中国邻国国际移民的目的地逐渐向欧美与海湾地区转移，不同邻国国际移民的目的地分布存在差异。在此期间，尽管邻国来华移民在全部在华国际移民中占据重要地位，但绝大多数邻国国际移民并未将中国大陆视为其主要目的地。结合中国未来发展前景与“一带一路”倡议等战略安排，可以预见中国今后将迎接更大规模的邻国国际移民。当前，需要在学术研究与相关政策制定等方面做好充分准备。     

新冠肺炎疫情对人口迁移的影响:回顾与展望北大核心CSSCI

新冠肺炎疫情对全球移民的健康、经济、生活等各方面都产生了巨大影响,并再次引起国际上关于环境变化、人口迁移与公共健康研究的广泛关注。文章首先对人口迁移的相关概念进行了界定,然后总结了新冠肺炎疫情对人口迁移的影响,并分析了后疫情时期人口迁移的发展态势。新冠肺炎疫情对人口迁移的影响主要表现为:部分国家内部人口迁移规模随疫情有效防控逐渐恢复,但跨境人口迁移规模较疫情前明显收缩;"局部化"的全球人口迁移模式短期内仍将持续;移民群体表现出对生计、健康等更显著的脆弱性。环境变化、人口迁移与公共健康的有机结合(而不是只关注两两关系)将是后疫情时期人口迁移研究的重点之一,并且人口迁移理论需适应人口迁移发展而创新,人口迁移政策应增加移民的声音,公共卫生系统建设需同时考虑气候适应性和移民包容性。我国在常态化疫情防控中推进经济社会发展的同时,应提前制定和完善相应法律法规,以应对未来可能增加的国际移民。     

全球化下的国际人口迁移

新型的国际人口迁移表现为：第一，发展中国家向发达国家的人口迁移成为移民主流；第二，虽然移民呈现多样化趋势，但劳动型移民是移民主体。这些过程反映了社会不断向着现代性的方向发展。社会的现代性是全球化和个体化的双重过程。全球化过程中发达国家和发展中国家之间形成了有机的结构性链条，这些结构性链条以市场经济、劳动力市场以及制度要素为主要的纽带促进着国际人口迁移的主要流向。个体化过程具有的鲜明的个人主义取向正全面地取代传统社会的集体主义取向，时空重组和各种抽离化机制为国际人口迁移打开了新的社会空间。移民网络具有的社会资本的特征推动民间社会源源不断的迁移浪潮。新型的国际人口迁移蕴藏着各种危机与挑战，并建构着新的国际秩序。     

迁入地类型的选择——基于五普资料的分析

利用第五次人口普查长表0.95‰微观资料,研究移民特征对迁入地类型选择的影响。结果显示,移民的人口因素和社会特征对迁移目的地的选择有较大的影响。移民人口有向青壮年集中的趋势。婚姻迁移妇女的目的地主要是乡村。有配偶的人更多地考虑迁移对家庭的影响。户籍制度仍然对人口迁移起到限制作用。     

八十年代以来黑龙江省人口迁移问题探究

<正> 建国后,黑龙江省被列入我国重点开发建设的省份,前30年,随着大规模的开发性移民迁入,人口迁移一直处于净迁入状态,据有关资料计算,净迁入约700多万人,对我省的开发建设起了很大的作用。进入80年代,从户口统计上看,我省省际人口迁移巳发生逆转,由净迁入转为净迁出,10年约净迁出70万人,人口迁移的作用和制约因素等也发生变化。     

国际人口迁移与国家政策

人口迁移是指一个人或一群人为了定居的目的越过一定地界的现象。如果越过的地界为国界,这种迁移就成为国际人口迁移。或者说,国际迁移是指居住在某个国家的人,为了定居的目的(不包括旅游,参加国际会议等)迁移到另一个国家的现象。在统计上,一般把其他国家出生的而居住在本国的人算作进入该国的移民。 人口迁移是一种人口现象,更是一种社会现象。当今的国际人迁移同各国的社会经济发展状况与国家间的关系有着十分密切而又错综复杂的联系。     

中国两类人口迁移比较研究

一 中国人口迁移的类型 (一)两类迁移人口 人口迁移可按户籍变更状况划分为永久性人口迁移和暂时性人口迁移两类。永久性人口迁移指的是常住人口改变常住户口地址,跨越一定的行政区划界限,办理了户口     

广东省台山、顺德两县女性人口国际迁移比较研究

为了改善自身境遇和生活水平,从一个国家或地区迁移到另一个国家或地区谋生或与家人团聚,并期望长期定居者,被称为国际移民。本文研究对象为因私申请出境,已办接受国移民手续, 出境一年以上者。迁移现象是一种复杂的社会行为,受社会经济、自然环境以及个人素质与心理状况诸多因素的制约和影响。 女性人口国际迁移是人类迁移活动的重要组成部分,由于迁移数量比男性少,特点不明显,未曾引起研究工作者的注意。本文的探索对丰富人口迁移史及人口国际迁移规律的研究是有意义的。     

全球化背景下的国际间人口迁移研究

国际间的人口迁移与境内迁移有着很大的不同,这些不同包括国际间迁移遇到更多的障碍,受到各国迁移法规和政策限制;迁移者知识和技能是否可以转移到另一社会环境中使用的问题;国家之间语言、文化宗教以及其它一系列差异要远远大于境内区域间的差异。由于国际迁移的这些特点,国际迁移在境内迁移的理论基础上,还要考虑国家之间的法规和政策限制的因素、国家间社会福利之间的差别,以及更注重对非经济因素的考查。目前的全球化和区域一体化趋势对国际的或区域的劳动力市场发展提出了新的要求。     

A Method for Measuring International Openness

The Author illustrates a method for measuring international openness by bringing forward some examples. The index proposed measures the capacity of countries for a given phenomenon, adjusted for their weight in the phenomena concerned. In this study, the Index is applied to measure the degree of openness to international migration in a number of world countries. Beyond migration, the Index can be applied to other transferable phenomena, such as trade, foreign direct investment, and so on.     

解决跨国劳动力养老保险权益可携性问题的国际经验借鉴

随着经济全球化不断深入,劳动力跨国流动将越来越频繁,反过来它将有助于全球经济合作和一体化。对跨国劳动力进行社会保护的重要性由此也更加突出,其中解决好养老保险权益可携性问题将可以实现劳动力输出国、输入国和劳动者之间的三赢。全球不同国家已经对跨国劳动力的养老保险问题做出规定,并在多边或双边层次上展开合作,已经取得了一些较好的经验。我国作为一个劳动力资源大国和经济大国,劳动力跨国流动的规模将不断扩大,也需要高度重视跨国养老权益的保护。     

International Migration and City Growth in the Global South: An Analysis of IPUMS Data for Seven Countries, 1992–2013

Evidence on the demographic components of city growth in the global South is scarce, and the role played by international migration is neglected. We analyze the importance of recent international migration in cities, compare it with that of internal movements, and evaluate the growth contribution across national contexts and the urban hierarchy. Combining individual-level census data and geographic master files of metropolitan areas with indirect demographic estimation techniques, we cover 377 cities in seven countries. It is found that, in almost one third of cities, population change and replacement has been mainly determined by migration. The international component was larger than the internal one in more than half of cities. Whereas internal migration tends to decrease with rising city size, international movements tend to increase. Positive net international migration substitutes for the net losses from domestic movements in large cities, but complements the gains in intermediate-sized cities.     

International migration in Asia and the Pacific: trends,problems, and recommendations

Like other parts of the world, the Asia and Pacific region has experienced mass movements of the population within and across countries. This report presents the issues and problems discussed, and the recommendations given at the Expert Group Meeting on International Migration in Asia and the Pacific, held in 1984 in Manila. The 9 issues discussed include: 1) available data on international migration are often inconsistent, incomplete, and inadequate for a thorough analysis of the migration situation; 2) the conventional economic theory of migration, and the modern view are different, but related; 3) are internal and international migration 2 distinct phenomena, or are they simply opposite ends of a continuum ranging from short-distance moves within a country to long-distance moves across national boundaries?; 4) permanent migration from Asia and the Pacific to the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand has risen sharply over the the past few years; 5) international migration could have considerable effects on the size, composition, growth, and structure of the populations of both sending and receiving countries; 6) temporary labor migration to the Middle East increased rapidly in the recent past; 7) temporary labor migration has benefits and costs to the home country and to the returning workers and their families; 8) refugee movements within and from Asia have had significant repercussions, not only in the lives of the migrants themselves, but also in the national policies and social structures of the asylum countries; and 9) international migration, if properly controlled and organized, could work for the benefit of every country involved.     

A Profile of the World's Young Developing Country International Migrants

Individual‐level census and household survey data are used to present a rich profile of young developing country international migrants around the world. They are found to comprise a large share of the flow of migrants, particularly among migrants to other developing countries, with the age distribution of migrants peaking in the late teens or early twenties. Detailed data are presented on the age and sex composition of migrants, on whether young migrants move alone or with a parent or spouse, on their participation in schooling and work in the destination country, on the types of jobs they have, and on the incidence and age of return migration. The results suggest a high degree of commonality in the youth immigrant experience across a number of destination countries. Recent developing country young migrants tend to work in similar occupations and are more concentrated in these occupations than recent older migrants or young immigrants who arrived at an earlier age. Nevertheless, there is also considerable heterogeneity among young immigrants with respect to school attendance and work in their destination country. The potential of international migration for building human capital is significant but far from being fully used.     

An Italian Statement on International Migration

Increasing realization of the implications of persisting below‐replacement fertility in Europe—shrinking absolute numbers combined with a rising proportion of the elderly—is giving new salience to policy considerations regarding immigration in the countries most affected by low fertility. The recent United Nations report on “replacement migration” (see the Documents section in the June 2000 PDR) highlighted the issue through illustrative calculations showing the size of immigrant streams that would be needed for achieving specified demographic targets in selected lowfertility countries, given continuation of present fertility and mortality trends. For example, the UN report suggested that in Italy—which has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world—maintaining a constant population over time would require a net influx of some 12.6 million immigrants during the next 50 years, and maintaining a constant labor forceage population (ages 15–64) would require a net inflow of 18.6 million. Yet immigration policy in Western Europe has become increasingly restrictive during the last quartercentury, and the official policy stance that regulating immigration is strictly within the domain of a country's sovereign right has been assiduously maintained. (International treaty obligations qualify that right in the case of bona fide asylum seekers; however, the definition of that category is also subject to the discretion of the receiving countries.) Thus, although within the European Union national borders are open to EU citizens, the power of regulating immigration from outside the EU is retained by the individual countries rather than subject to EU‐wide decisions. Suggestions coming from the developing countries to follow up the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development with an intergovernmental conference on international migration and development were set aside by the potential immigrant‐receiving countries as overly contentious. A statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy, Lamberto Dini, delivered at the 55th General Assembly of the United Nations, 13 September 2000, may be a sign of a notable shift in official approaches to immigration policy by at least one EU member state. The statement, in a departure from the practice of touching lightly upon a wide range of issues in international affairs, typical in high‐level ministerial speeches given at that UN forum, is devoted essentially to a single topic: international migration. It characterizes migration “between or within continents” as an international problem and advocates “coordinated and integrated” instruments in seeking a solution. It suggests that “today, with a declining birth rate and an aging population, Europe needs a strategy that embraces the complex process of integrating people from different regions of the world.” The rules for international migration, the statement claims, should be set in a global framework, such as provided by the United Nations. In the “age of globalization,”“a solidarity pact is needed to find the best and most effective way of balancing the supply and demand of labor.” With the omission of opening and closing ceremonial passages and a brief comment on the problem of debt relief, the statement is reproduced below.     

Globalization and changes in Australian international migration

Australian international migration has undergone a massive transformation in the last decade, in part as a result of globalization. Although Australia has long been a country of immigration with a relatively high proportion of its residents foreign-born, the nature of international migration shaping the country has undergone profound change in the era of globalization. This paper outlines some of the major dimensions of this change in international migration. The links between globalization and migration are complex and two-way but there can be no doubt that processes which have accelerated international exchanges of goods, information, ideas, trade and finance and led to an internationalization of labour markets have been associated with shifts in Australian migration. This change has had a number of components which have increased the complexity of the international migration influencing Australia. The changes examined include the increasing significance of skill-related migration compared with other forms, increasing non-permanent migration, the increasing nexus between temporary and permanent migration, the increasing movement of Australians out of the country, the significance of student migration and the increasing significance of migration in influencing Australia’s relationship with its Asia-Pacific neighbours. These changes have profound implications for Australia’s contemporary and future demography.     

Educational selectivity in U.S. Immigration: How do immigrants compare to those left behind?

Current immigration research has revealed little about how immigrants compare to those who do not migrate. Although most scholars agree that migrants are not random samples of their home countries' populations, the direction and degree of educational selectivity is not fully understood. This study of 32 U.S. immigrant groups found that although nearly all immigrants are more educated than those who remain in their home countries, immigrants vary substantially in their degree of selectivity, depending upon the origin country and the timing of migration. Uncovering patterns of immigrant selectivity reveals the fallacy in attributing immigrants' characteristics to national groups as a whole and may help explain socioeconomic differences among immigrant groups in the United States.     

A Gendered Assessment of Highly Skilled Emigration

Although women form a large and increasing proportion of international migrants, women's mobility has generally been overlooked in the literature. Quantifying and characterizing female migration should lead to a better understanding of the forces that shape international migration. We build an original data set providing gender‐disaggregated indicators of international migration by educational attainment for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. We find that women represent an increasing share of the immigration stock in the OECD countries and exhibit higher skilled emigration rates than men.