生态博物馆的特点、意义和角色——基于"中国模式"下的生态博物馆建设

在特殊的国情和特定的历史条件下,中国民族生态博物馆的发展肩负着双重责任,它不仅包括着对民族文化的保护,而且对原住民地区的经济发展起到一定的促进作用;以国际上对传统历史文化资源的开发与保护比较新颖的"前台、帷幕、后台"理论及swot分析模型,对生态博物馆的发展进行初步分析.     

绿色发展理念下泸沽湖景区民族文化保护与开发

通过对泸沽湖景区民族文化生态旅游资源的调研、分析,结合旅游开发现状,找到旅游开发与区域民族文化保护间的矛盾,从保护民族文化的角度出发,在绿色发展理念指导下,对泸沽湖景区民族文化保护与开发进行深入研究与探讨,为保护民族文化及其文化生存环境,大力“推进文化和旅游深度融合发展”,为民族地区经济社会文化的高质量发展提供参考。     

旅游城镇化背景下的民族村寨文化保护与传承——贵州郎德模式的成功实践

旅游城镇化推进与少数民族文化保护之间的矛盾日益凸显的时代背景下,贵州郎德上寨的村民因势利导,在顺应旅游城镇化发展趋势的过程中,将民族文化作为村寨建设与旅游开发的核心价值贯彻始终,并发扬集体智慧,以工分制进行运营管理和利益分成,保证了文化保护的持续性,在旅游城镇化开发与少数民族文化保护之间建立起一种利益相关、互为因果的反馈机制--郎德模式,有效地解决了少数民族文化保护与传承和旅游城镇化的系列现实矛盾,为旅游城镇化背景下的民族村寨文化保护提供了新的思路和途径.     

论民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护

近年来,我国的民族文化旅游迅速发展,特别是在少数民族地区更成为旅游发展的重要内容。而民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护,直接涉及到民族文化旅游的可持续发展问题。本文在总结前人开发、保护经验的基础上,从理论与实践两个角度提出了开发保护民族文化旅游资源的一些具体措施。建立民族文化旅游博物馆,以保护在现代社会已失去实用价值、逐渐消亡的民族文化。通过法律保护可接触性文化遗产,通过引导、教育社区民众以保护不可接触性文化遗产。     

民族旅游开发与民族村寨文化保护及传承比较研究——基于贵州、湖北两省三个民族旅游村寨的田野调查

以贵州、湖北两省三个民族旅游村寨为典型个案,从共性与差异性两个视角分析了三个村寨旅游开发模式的异同,提出了两个核心命题:民族村寨旅游开发的实质是文化开发;民族村寨旅游开发中利弊并存,但利大于弊。提出实现民族文化开发与保护良性互动的对策为:构建有效的社区居民参与机制;从文化产品与文化空间两方面把握好文化开发的"度";因地制宜地选择实地民族文化村模式或异地民族文化村模式。     

民族村寨旅游开发与民族文化保护研究——以通道皇都侗族文化村为例

本文从旅游开发和文化保护两个角度对民族地区文化发展、旅游开发的客观规律进行系统分析,真实记录皇都侗族文化村居民的经济生活条件是否因旅游而逐渐得以改善。同时本文结合民族学相关理念,分析当地发展旅游的可行性因素,针对文化保护与传承过程中所呈现出来的一系列特点及问题,提出最适宜当地发展的旅游开发与文化保护协调发展路径,通过对民族地区的物质文化与非物质文化进行分类保护、恰当利用的方式,试图化解皇都侗族文化村旅游开发过程中所呈现出来的旅游开发与民族文化保护之间的矛盾,共同推进皇都侗族文化村的现代化发展,最终达到提高皇都侗族文化村各阶层居民生活水平的目的。     

论民族文化旅游中的舞台真实

在旅游发展全球化、现代化的潮流下,民族文化旅游开发究竟是对文化的保护,还是对文化的破坏,各方结论不一。本文借助西方文化人类学、旅游人类学的舞台真实理论,从民族文化旅游主客双方的心理角度出发,对"想看什么"和"给看什么"进行剖析,探索民族文化旅游中文化表演的舞台真实性问题,以期对民族文化旅游资源的开发与少数民族文化的保护和传承有所裨益。     

民族旅游村寨特色文化产业化发展研究——以云南省鹤庆县新华村银匠产业为例

旅游文化产业化已成为当今旅游发展热潮,但在对民族旅游村寨特色文化资源进行产业化发展的同时,不断出现歪曲、滥用民族文化资源并实施泛商业化开发的问题,使得民族旅游开发与民族村寨民俗文化传承创新的矛盾冲突日益加深。本文以云南省鹤庆县新华村银匠产业为例,分析其在旅游文化产业化发展过程中取得的成功经验及存在的问题,为类似矛盾冲突的解决和相关问题研究提供理论、方法、路径。     

试论民族文化保护与民族文化旅游可持续发展

在经济全球化大背景下,民族文化的同化和式微、民族文化旅游资源开发的商业化和庸俗化、民众价值观的退化和遗失等现象普遍存在.民族文化保护与开发问题是我国少数民族地区面临的普遍问题,也是关系到民族文化生存和民族文化旅游可持续发展的重点问题.本文从民族文化保护与民族文化旅游的辩证关系入手,分析了民族文化旅游资源开发的现状,提出了民族文化旅游实现可持续发展的对策思路.     

关于民族文化旅游可持续发展问题的若干思考

长期以来,民俗学、经济学,尤其是西方旅游市场营销学是人们探讨民族文化旅游可持续发展问题的主要理论基础;然而,民族文化旅游不同于其他形式的旅游,单纯从市场需求的角度无法从根本上解决这一问题.本文另辟蹊径,力图借助于文化人类学、民族学、社会学及"可持续发展"理念,深入探索如何实现民族文化旅游可持续发展的途径,并提出了保护自然与人文环境、尊重少数民族的文化"阐释与展示权"、落实其"文化资源所有权"、建立"社区参与"保证机制等一系列民族文化旅游可持续发展策略.     

旅游者对民族文化真实性感知的差异性研究

旅游者对民族文化的真实性提出质疑,并在民族文化真实性的感知上存在着差异,本文对此现象的原因进行了分析阐述,并指出本文的意义在于利用分析结果来设计民族文化旅游产品、发展民族文化旅游。     

卓克基地区土司文化与旅游发展

卓克基土司是四川藏区著名"嘉绒十八土司"之一,也是"四土"的主要部分。在长达600多年土司的统治下,由于自然与人文环境的特点,卓克基地区形成了独具特色的土司文化,其主要内容有:以土司官寨为代表的建筑文化、具有地域特色的宗教文化活动和独特的民间歌舞——四土锅庄。虽然土司制度不存在了,但土司文化在卓克基地区还广泛地存在着,并成为了民族文化旅游发展的重要资源。通过树立"可持续发展"观念,保护和发展卓克基土司文化;大力促进土司文化旅游商品的开发;开发民族节庆旅游,增强游客的参与性、互动性和娱乐性,有利于提升卓克基地区民族文化旅游产品的竞争实力和加强对民族文化的保护。     

文化边缘地带旅游业的发展选择

本文通过对文化边缘地带发展旅游业的基础环境特质性分析 ,以及旅游业发展与民族文化互动关系的研究 ,探讨了旅游业发展的自我制衡性规律和内在演化机理 ,提出了关于文化边缘地带旅游业发展所应肩负的文化传承与发展使命 ;对解决文化边缘地带旅游产业化进程中的文化保护与发展从理论与实践两个方面进行了探讨 ;强调了保持文化的多元性是文化边缘地带旅游业可持续发展的必然选择。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

文化生态旅游的社区参与和传统文化保护与发展——云南三个傣族文化生态旅游村的比较研究

本文通过实地调查,对三个傣族文化生态旅游村的"旅游场域"进行分析,比较了三种不同开发模式中社会资本、经济资本和文化资本在"旅游场域"中相互作用和相互转换的方式.指出"旅游场域"中的三种资本之间的良性循环,需要两个重要环节:良好的社区参与、良好的民族传统文化保护和发展方案.这是保证文化生态旅游可持续发展的两个重要条件.     

基于小民族聚居地旅游开发的民族文化保护战略研究--以黑龙江省同江市街津口赫哲族民族乡为例

本文从我国小民族文化衰亡的形势分析出发,指出了对我国小民族文化发展与保护应持有的认识;分析了小民族文化的旅游价值特性,并从民族文化的保护与发展的角度论述了旅游的意义;以黑龙江省同江市街津口赫哲民族乡为例确立了基于旅游开发的小民族聚居地民族文化保护战略。     

民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的评价体系构建

推动民族村寨旅游业高质量发展,既是适应新时代社会主要矛盾转变的客观要求,又是发展民族地区经济和复兴民族传统文化的必然选择。只有构建科学的评价体系,才能为进一步完善民族村寨旅游业高质量发展提供方向指导。本文基于新发展理念,从产业创新发展、产业协调发展、产业绿色发展、产业开放发展和产业共享发展五个维度评估了包括旅游创新机制、城乡协调、产业资源共享等在内的15个指标层级和32个具体指标的民族村寨旅游业高质量发展评价体系。该评价体系可以初步掌握民族村寨旅游资源的利用质量及效果,及时反映出民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的整体情况,从而精准民族村寨旅游业高质量发展靶向。     

大力发展旅游业促进西部民族地区小康社会建设

旅游业是西部民族地区的优势产业.旅游业的发展对西部民族地区全面建设小康社会意义重大.全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的提出,为西部民族地区旅游业的大发展提供了良好机遇、绝大动力和深厚基础.西部民族地区应该抓住有利时机,采取创新战略、跨越式发展战略和可持续发展战略大力发展旅游业,通过旅游业的发展带动该地区的全面小康社会建设.     

民族民俗旅游的时空维度与文化场域

由于民族民俗旅游真实性感知源于人们的时间观,因而民族民俗旅游的时间维度取决于民俗时间与旅游时间的冲突与消解,其可能路径是多方协商目的地社会传统节庆民俗的文化展演时间和内容,并预测和评估民族民俗旅游产品的生命周期。旅游开发实践和大量游客的到来,会变动民族民俗的空间范围。民族民俗旅游空间的有效维系,需要在就地式的生态模式和变迁式的异地开发模式中抉择。总之,民族民俗旅游无法逾越自身的时空维度和文化场域。