性别工资差异与工资歧视--基于RIF回归的分解方法

文章采用2012年中国劳动力动态调查数据，利用基于 RIF 回归的分解方法分析性别工资差异，并对各收入分位数上的性别歧视程度进行估量和分解。研究发现：随着收入分位数的提高，特征效应对性别收入差距解释的比重逐渐提高；系数效应带来的性别歧视对性别收入差距解释的比重不断下降，但系数效应依然是造成劳动力性别收入差距的主要原因。教育在消减性别收入差距上的作用减弱，而职业资格、掌握技能耗时、职业性别隔离和签订劳动合同等变量则有助于缩小性别收入差距。     

经济发达农村地区外来劳动力的性别差异研究

本文考察了苏南农村发达地区外来劳动力在个人特征、工作条件及收入等方面的性别差异 ,分析了女性在就业和工作中面临的不同于男性外来劳动力的待遇及其原因。主要结论有 :发达地区男女外来劳动力收入存在着较大差异 ,除了受教育程度 ,地区差异外 ,性别歧视也是一个重要原因。经济发达农村地区应当进一步规范就业制度 ,尽快消除各种限制劳动力自由流动的市场障碍 ,加强对外来劳动力的综合管理和服务 ,为劳动力的充分自由流动创造条件     

区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响——基于多层模型的分析途径

本文建立了中国城镇居民工资方程的多层模型,并提出了相应的工资差异分解方法,用于分析区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响。结果表明,在所有地区劳动力市场中,均存在明显的工资性别差异。虽然地区市场化水平的提高有助于个体工资水平的提升,但却导致工资性别差异的扩大;尽管地区失业率的上升将对个体工资获得产生不利影响,但却导致工资性别差异的缩小。市场化程度越高的地区,工资性别歧视越严重。因此,在市场化进程中,政府在努力发展教育和扩大就业的同时,应致力于实施公平的工资分配制度,将有助于缓解针对女性的工资歧视,进而有助于工资性别差异的缩小。     

中国城镇劳动力市场性别工资差异研究

本文利用2004年中国营养健康数据，在Mincer工资方程的基础上分析了我国城镇劳动力市场上的性别工资差异状况。认为我国城镇劳动力市场存在显著的性别工资差异。运用Oaxaca分解方法对我国性别工资差异进行分解，发现2004年我国城镇劳动力市场上的性别工资差异中，无法解释的差异占到总差异的85％。以此为基础，提出了消除性别工资差异，推进两性平等的政策建议。     

市场化与性别工资差异研究

文章利用1989、1991、1993和1997年的中国营养健康调查数据,分析了市场化进程中性别工资差异及其变化趋势。主要的结论是从1989到1997年,随着中国经济转型和市场化水平的提高,在职女性和男性劳动力的工资差异拉大,对女性的工资歧视有扩大的趋势。并且通过进一步的分析发现性别工资差距的扩大主要表现在初中以下文化程度、40岁以上年龄组、非国有部门和“蓝领”职业的人群中;而在高中以上教育程度、40岁以下年龄组、国有部门和“白领”职业的劳动力中表现相对不明显。     

省外劳动力迁入对浙江省县域经济发展差异及其变动的影响研究

本文使用OLS回归法分析了省外劳动力迁入对浙江省县域经济发展差异及其变动的影响，研究结果显示，“六普”时浙江省县域经济发展相比较于“五普”呈扩大的趋势；“五普”、“六普”时省外劳动力迁入对各县市经济发展差异产生显著性影响，“五普”数据显示省外劳动力迁入率每提高1%则县域经济发展差异提高0.102%，“六普”数据显示省外劳动力迁入率每提高1%则县域经济发展差异提高0.081%，省外迁入劳动力对于县域经济发展差异的影响作用有所下降。最后提议浙江省实施省外迁入人口“总量控制、结构优化”的调控政策。     

农民工行业分布对性别工资差异的影响

通过就业行业对性别工资差异影响机制的理论分析,根据2013年流动人口动态监测数据,采用Appleton分解法实证分析农民工行业分布对性别工资差异的影响,研究发现,男女农民工存在一定程度的行业隔离,相对于男性农民工而言,女性农民工较多集中在劳动密集型低薪行业工作;农民工性别工资差异既包括行业间所产生的差异,也包括行业内所产生的差异,其中主要是由行业内男女不同酬和行业间进入时性别歧视引起,行业隔离所产生的性别工资差异能解释总差异的23.2%.     

家庭因素对性别工资差异的影响——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

随着职业性别隔离现象不断减少、男女受教育水平和教育收益率的逐步收敛,人力资本、职业和行业分布已经无法解释我国性别工资差异不断扩大的趋势。从家庭出发,考察婚姻、家务劳动分工和子女这些典型的家庭特征因素对性别工资差异的影响,运用2016年CFPS数据,在解决内生性问题的条件下,研究结果表明:婚姻通过增加女性家务劳动时间和子女间接影响女性工资,家务劳动时间和母亲身份对女性工资率具有显著的惩罚效应,女性平均每周承担家务劳动17小时,这导致其周工资率减少34%,子女降低母亲8.5%的周工资率;相对于未婚女性,已婚女性每周多做7小时家务,这降低了她们14%的周工资率。男性则存在婚姻溢价效应。Oaxaca分解也显示,家庭特征,尤其是家务劳动时间,是性别歧视之外导致性别工资差距的主要原因。本文按收入阶层的异质性分析表明,家庭特征可能引起低收入阶层更大的性别工资差异。本文的分析还显示,家务劳动对男性和女性具有门槛效应,且阈值位于10.5小时左右。     

中国劳动力的从业状态及其差异分析

随着人口老龄化程度的不断加深，学界对劳动力状况的研究呈现数量、结构、质量并重的局面。本文利用2012年CLDS数据，对中国劳动力群体进行了基于雇员、雇主、自雇、务农四种从业状态的人口学描述，并分析了四种从业状态的劳动力群体在人力资本、工作时间与场所、收入与社会保障、工作评价、工作价值观及社会阶层认同等方面的差异。这些差异对相关劳动政策的制定具有一定的启发意义。     

中国雇员群体状况分析

随着社会经济的发展及人口老龄化程度的不断加深，劳动力状况作为影响经济增长的重要因素引起社会各界的关注。然而，基于劳动力就业身份的雇员群体的描述性分析非常少。因此，本文利用2012年中国劳动力态调查（CLDS）数据，详细描述了他们受雇条件、受雇情况、劳动收益、工作状况及劳动侵权状况、工作评价及工作价值观；同时，分析了不同性别、年龄层及不同地区雇员群体在上述方面存在的差异，并对这些差异进行了一定的讨论，希望对相关劳动政策的制定有所启发。     

Sectoral gender wage differentials and discrimination in the transitional Chinese economy

China's economic reform has affected various ownership sectors to different degree. A comparison of gender wage differentials and discrimination among individuals employed in the three sectors – state sector, the collective sector, and the private sector – provides information on the impact of economic reform. Two Chinese data sets from Shanghai and Jinan are used to examine the gender wage gap across the three sectors. It is found that privatization/marketization of the economy leads to larger wage differentials as human capital characteristics are more appropriately rewarded. Both data sets show that the relative share of discrimination in the overall gender wage differential declines substantially across ownership sectors from the state to the private. The increase in gender wage differential due to marketization is much larger than any increase in differential that may arise from more gender discrimination. Received: 5 November 1997/Accepted: 10 January 2000     

当前大学毕业生性别工资差异的再考察

通过建立性别工资差异分析框架,提出性别工资差异的重要原因是歧视与能力因素以及女性集中的行业存在较低的工资收入与较大的性别工资差异等假说,并利用中国2008届大学毕业生求职与工作能力调查数据对此加以验证。女大学毕业生提升工作能力并挤入男生集中的行业是增加工资收入的重要途径。研究对我国女大学生就业难的根源加以探讨,对缩小大学毕业生性别工资差异具有参考价值。     

Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap

The role of occupational segregation in the determination of gender wage differentials is assessed. It is found (1) that occupational segregation plays less of a role in explaining wage differentials than do traditional human capital variables; (2) that earnings profiles generated with data that include a percent female (PF) measure of occupational segregation are not ideal for testing human capital predictions yet nonetheless yield parameters consistent with neoclassical theory; and (3) that lifetime work considerations, such as the degree of one's labor force intermittency, are important in determining both one's occupation and wage. The implications are that government antidiscrimination policies based on outcome measures are in general inefficient. Instead, the government should concentrate on creating incentives for women to participate in the labor market on an equal basis as males.     

Quality of Life Across Population Groups: Women in the Workplace: Gender and Wage Differentials

Social Indicators Research - The purpose of this study is to clarify the real causes of gender wage differentials in Korea by analyzing changes over the period 1988–1999. The participation...     

The intra-firm gender wage gap: a new view on wage differentials based on linked employer–employee data

We provide a new view on the nature of the gender wage gap (GWG) by analyzing the wage differentials within establishments. Based on linked employer–employee data for Germany, we show that the GWGs vary tremendously across establishments, even if we assume that male and female employees have the same human capital characteristics within each establishment. This heterogeneity is linked to firm and institutional characteristics: For instance, firms with works council and those covered by collective wage agreements have smaller GWGs. Furthermore, we find some evidence that firms operating under strong product market competition behave in a more egalitarian way.     

The contribution of changes in employment composition and relative returns to the evolution of wage inequality: the case of Spain

Wage inequality in Spain decreased slightly between 1995 and 2006 despite significant changes in employment composition. Changes in the composition of the workforce would have increased inequality keeping constant wage structure, but changes in wage differentials are the most important factor determining the evolution of inequality. By subperiods, the low end of the wage distribution compressed between 1995 and 2002, while it experienced a slight increase in inequality afterward, as it was observed in the USA. On the other hand, in contrast to the American case, the high end of the wage distribution was strikingly compressed in the second period.     

Wage differentials due to gender

In this paper, a longitudinal data set covering 5% of all Danish wage earners over a 9-year period is used to shed light on the observed wage differentials due to gender. A human capital model is used to isolate the effects of changes in experience, schooling and unemployment, together with other factors. The model is specified as a fixed effect model that takes into account unobserved factors such as individual skills, the tendency to have an extra job and other factors. Despite the observation from macro statistics that women have had the highest observed increases in wage rates, the models show that this increase is mainly due to an improvement in their background characteristics and that men still receive a higher return to their characteristics. The main difference between genders appears to be that female workers do not, in general, get any return to their experience. The estimates also show negative effects on the wage rate of previous spells of unemployment.Peder J. Pedersen, the labour workshop at the Aarhus School of Business and two unknown referees are thanked for valuable comments. However, only the authors are responsible for any remaining errors. The Danish Research Council of the Social Sciences has provided the necessary funding.     

Mapping the diversity of gender preferences and sex imbalances in Indonesia in 2010

Indonesia is usually viewed as a country free of the acute forms of gender discrimination observed elsewhere in East or South Asia, a situation often ascribed to Indonesia's bilateral kinship system. I re-examine this hypothesis by focusing on ethnic and regional variations in sex differentials. New indicators of marriage practices and gender bias derived from 2010 census microdata highlight the presence of patrilocal patterns as well as a distinct presence of son preference in fertility behaviour in many parts of the archipelago. I also present evidence for excessive child sex ratios and excess mortality of females in some areas that appear to be related to son preference and patrilocal residence systems. The findings confirm the association between son preference, sex differentials in mortality, prenatal sex selection, and kinship systems. I conclude with a more regional perspective on demographic vulnerability of females, distinguishing bilateral South East Asia from more patrilineal Melanesia.