多项分布内生回归元计数模型的两阶段估计方法研究

两阶段估计方法是解决计量模型变量内生性问题的重要方法,而现代社会科学领域的研究文献在选择两阶段估计方法时存在较多误区,缺乏比较系统的研究。基于多项分布内生回归元的计数模型,采用蒙特卡洛模拟比较2SLS、2SPS、2SRI三种两阶段估计方法的优劣,并从检验水平和功效角度评价Wald、LR、LM三种内生性检验方法的有效性,结果发现:当忽略模型非线性、内生性或错误设定计数数据分布时,2SLS和2SPS均会存在较大的估计偏差,但2SRI估计量具有良好的有限样本特征;基于2SRI的三种内生性检验方法,在计数数据分布设定正确时都有合理的实际检验水平和功效,但在忽略计数数据过度分散特征时,Wald和LR检验统计量会发生严重的水平扭曲,而LM检验则更有效。     

整数值时间序列模型单位根检验问题研究

非整数值时间序列单位根检验研究已趋成熟,而整数值时间序列单位根检验则刚起步.本文主要采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对INAR(1)模型单位根检验中的DF统计量和∑Tt=1=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量进行了研究.研究发现:DF统计量渐近服从标准正态分布,有限样本情形下,该统计量的实际分布会受到样本容量与扰动项均值的影响;DF统计量不存在水平扭曲现象,能很好控制犯第一类错误的概率,由于数据生成特点,∑Tt=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量犯第一类错误的概率始终为0;DF统计量和∑Tt=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量的检验功效受到样本容量、自回归系数和扰动项均值的影响,多数情形下,∑Tt=1=1I{ △Xt＜0}统计量的检验功效高于DF统计量.     

面板数据模型的截面相关检验研究

 相关系数的绝对值形式可以很好的避免Pesaran（2004）的CD统计量中异向相关性相互抵消的情况,相应得到一个新的检验面板数据模型扰动项截面相关的统计量。蒙特卡洛模拟显示,无论是在因子模型下还是在空间移动平均模型下,新提出的统计量水平扭曲(size distortion)检验和功效(power)检验表现较好。通过模拟还发现当存在序列相关的扰动项时,先将扰动项进行去序列相关处理可以有效地避免序列相关导致的水平扭曲,并且不会降低统计量的功效。     

动态广义最小二乘法在面板协整中的应用研究

在进行非平稳面板数据的协整分析时,使用动态最小二乘法（DOLS）可以有效消除内生性问题,从而得到具有渐进正态分布的统计量。但在小样本条件下,由于可使用解释变量差分项的阶数有限,导致模型中均衡误差项的序列相关,使得DOLS统计量出现严重的检验水平畸变。为此,本文将单一时间序列的动态广义最小二乘法（DGLS）应用于非平稳的同质面板数据模型。在序贯极限分布的条件下,DGLS统计量仍具有正态的条件极限分布。而仿真实验表明,对于非平稳的同质面板数据模型,即使在均衡误差项存在高序列相关的条件下,DGLS统计量仍具有较好的小样本性质。     

协整参数的自举推断

 针对完全修正最小二乘(full-modified ordinary least square,简称FMOLS）估计方法,给出一种协整参数的自举推断程序,证明零假设下自举统计量与检验统计量具有相同的渐近分布。关于检验功效的研究表明,虽然有约束自举的实际检验水平表现良好,但如果零假设不成立,自举统计量的分布是不确定的,因而其经验分布不能作为检验统计量精确分布的有效估计。实际应用中建议使用无约束自举,因为无论观测数据是否满足零假设,其自举统计量与零假设下检验统计量都具有相同的渐近分布。最后,利用蒙特卡洛模拟对自举推断和渐近推断的有限样本表现进行比较研究。     

ADF模式中漂移项和趋势项检验量分布与Bootstrap检验研究

在推导ADF检验模式下趋势项和漂移项伪t检验量极限分布基础上,提出修正的系数检验量。研究表明,它们与DF检验模式下检验量具有相同的极限分布;构造漂移项和趋势项检验的Bootstrap实现方法并证明了有效性。将蒙特卡洛模拟技术与临界值检验方法进行对比,结果表明Bootstrap方法能够明显降低检验的水平扭曲,在检验功效方面也有一定优势。模拟也显示临界值检验的局限性和Bootstrap方法的稳健性。     

部分函数型线性变系数模型的序列相关检验

部分函数型线性变系数模型(PFLVCM)是近几年出现的一个比较灵活、应用广泛的新模型。在实际应用中,搜集到的经济和金融数据往往存在序列相关性。如果不考虑数据间的相关性直接对其进行建模,会影响模型中参数估计的精度和有效性。本文主要研究了PFLVCM中误差的序列相关性的检验问题,基于经验似然,把标量时间序列数据相关性检验的方法拓展到函数型数据中,提出了经验对数似然比检验统计量,并在零假设下得到了检验统计量的近似分布。通过蒙特卡洛数值模拟说明该统计量在有限样本下有良好的水平和功效。最后,把该方法用于检验美国商业用电消费数据是否有序列相关性,证明该统计量的有效性和实用性。     

一种对初始值稳健的单位根检验及其应用

常见单位根检验方法对初始值都做了适当的约束,而经验研究中的数据往往由于各种冲击的存在无法满足相应的假定条件。所以,有必要讨论检验功效对初始值稳健的单位根检验方法。本文在研究初始值对单位根检验功效影响的基础上,基于Fisher统计量提出了检验功效关于初始值较稳健的组合p值单位根检验方法并研究了其小样本性质。并且,对我国CPI月环比时间序列的检验发现,随着我国宏观经济调控政策的完善,CPI逐渐趋于平稳。     

基于潜变量模型的多元有序数据轮廓分析法

提出了一种适用于多元有序数据的轮廓分析方法。鉴于有序数据无法满足轮廓分析对数据正态性的要求,采用潜变量模型对有序变量进行赋值,利用Bootstrap方法重构样本,使重构后的新数据满足正态性且总体均值与原样本一致,因而可以将轮廓分析法应用于有序数据均值向量的比较问题。讨论了单样本情形的同水平假设、两样本和多样本情形的平行、同水平和平坦性假设,并给出相应的检验统计量和拒绝域。最后,通过随机模拟来检验该方法的合理性,并得到结论:样本质量较高时,该方法在控制第一类错误和提高检验的功效上效果很好;对于一般样本而言,该方法的实际第一类错误较名义值有所增大,可通过提高原始样本量、降低名义第一类错误和进行多次试验来解决。     

空间误差分量模型的Bootstrap LM检验

空间误差分量模型(Spatial Error Components,SEC)传统的空间相关性LM检验存在严重的水平扭曲和较低的检验功效,导致检验统计量失效.文章将Bootstrap方法应用于SEC模型的空间相关性LM检验,提高检验统计量的有效性.Monte Carlo模拟实验表明,Bootstrap LM检验的水平受误差项分布、空间权重矩阵和样本量影响较小,并且远优于渐近LM检验,具有理想的检验水平;渐近LM检验和Bootstrap LM检验的功效均随着空间相关性的增强,及样本量的增大而增大,但Bootstrap LM检验在各种情形下均具有更高的检验功效,尤其是样本量较小时.简言之,Bootstrap LM检验是SEC模型更为优越的空间相关性检验方法.     

A generalized scheffé method of multiple comparisons

Standard resulrs on the extrema of quotients of quadratic forms are extended to the non-negative definite case. The maximum and the set over which it is achieved are characterized explicitly both in terms of generalized inverse matrices and generalized eigenvalues. These results become the basis of Scheffe type multiple comparisons in the usual way. To demonstrate their application to statistics with singular covariance matrices, the method is detailed for Mantel-Haenszel, Breslow, and Cox statistics. An example is presented illustrating a situation where the proposed Scheffe type comparisons may be better than the pairwise method.     

Extensions of the Duncan's Multiple Range Test for unbalanced data

Extensions of the Duncan's Multiple Range Test to group means with unequal numbers of replications are proposed. These extensions and the extensions due to Kramer (1956) and Bancroft (1968) are evaluated with the Least Significant Difference and the Scheffe (1959) test for observed Type 1 error and correct decision rates by computer simulation techniques. The performance of these procedures to varying degrees of sample-size imbalance and variance heterogeneity under normal and skewed distributions is also examined.     

Evaluating the power of the mann-whitney test using the bootstrap method

In this paper we evaluate the power of the Mann-Whitney test in the shift model G(x) = F (x+θ) for all x , where the distribution of G is obtained by shifting F by an amount of θ.

The bootstrap method was used to evaluate the power of the Mann-Whitney test . A comparison among the bootstrap power , the asymptotic power of the Mann-Whitney test and the t-test power proved that the bootstrap is a better technique , because , it does not require the assumption of normality.     

More powerful permutation test based on multistage ranked set sampling

Many researches have used ranked set sampling (RSS) method instead of simple random sampling (SRS) to improve power of some nonparametric tests. In this study, the two-sample permutation test within multistage ranked set sampling (MSRSS) is proposed and investigated. The power of this test is compared with the SRS permutation test for some symmetric and asymmetric distributions through Monte Carlo simulations. It has been found that this test is more powerful than the SRS permutation test; its power increased by set size and/or number of cycles and/or number of stages. Symmetric distributions power increased better than asymmetric distributions power.     

Letters to the Editor

Although several authors have indicated that the median test has low power in small samples, it continues to be presented in many statistical textbooks, included in a number of popular statistical software packages, and used in a variety of application areas. We present results of a power simulation study that shows that the median test has noticeably lower power, even for the double exponential distribution for which it is asymptotically most powerful, than other readily available rank tests. We suggest that the median test be “retired” from routine use and recommend alternative rank tests that have superior power over a relatively large family of symmetric distributions.     

Testing the information matrix equality with robust estimators

The information matrix (IM) equality can be used to test for misspecification of a parametric model. We study the behavior of the IM test when the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators used in the construction of this test are replaced with robust estimators. The latter do not suffer from the masking effect in the presence of outliers and can improve the power of the IM test. At the normal location-scale model, the IM test using the ML estimators is known as the Jarque–Bera test, and uses skewness and kurtosis to detect deviations from normality. When robust estimators are employed to test the IM equality, a robust version of the Jarque–Bera test emerges. We investigate in detail the local asymptotic power of the IM test, for various estimators and under a variety of local alternatives. For the normal regression model, it is shown by simulations under fixed alternatives that in many cases the use of robust estimators substantially increases the power of the IM test.     

Notes on Kolassa’s Method for Estimating the Power of Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test

The Kolassa method implemented in the nQuery Advisor software has been widely used for approximating the power of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) test for ordered categorical data, in which Edgeworth approximation is used to estimate the power of an unconditional test based on the WMW U statistic. When the sample size is small or when the sizes in the two groups are unequal, Kolassa’s method may yield quite poor approximation to the power of the conditional WMW test that is commonly implemented in statistical packages. Two modifications of Kolassa’s formula are proposed and assessed by simulation studies.     

A simulation study on the influence of ties on uniform scores test for circular data

Uniform scores test is a rank-based method that tests the homogeneity of k-populations in circular data problems. The influence of ties on the uniform scores test has been emphasized by several authors in several articles and books. Moreover, it is suggested that the uniform scores test should be used with caution if ties are present in the data. This paper investigates the influence of ties on the uniform scores test by computing the power of the test using average, randomization, permutation, minimum, and maximum methods to break ties. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to compute the power of the test under several scenarios such as having 5% or 10% of ties and tie group structures in the data. The simulation study shows no significant difference among the methods under the existence of ties but the test loses its power when there are many ties or complicated group structures. Thus, randomization or average methods are equally powerful to break ties when applying uniform scores test. Also, it can be concluded that k-sample uniform scores test can be used safely without sacrificing the power if there are only less than 5% of ties or at most two groups of a few ties.     

Testing a main effect in a three factor mixed model

In the present paper, the author has considered and compared the power of three test procedures, based on two preliminary tests of significance (PTS), for testing a main effect in a three factor factorial experiment. Davenport and Webster (1973) type test statistics are used in the final test. Recommendation for a suitable size of PTS has been made so that the power of a test procedure is adequately high.     

An alternative procedure for performing a power analysis of Mantel's test

This study proposes a simple way to perform a power analysis of Mantel's test applied to squared Euclidean distance matrices. The general statistical aspects of the simple Mantel's test are reviewed. The Monte Carlo method is used to generate bivariate Gaussian variables in order to create squared Euclidean distance matrices. The power of the parametric correlation t-test applied to raw data is also evaluated and compared with that of Mantel's test. The standard procedure for calculating punctual power levels is used for validation. The proposed procedure allows one to draw the power curve by running the test only once, dispensing with the time demanding standard procedure of Monte Carlo simulations. Unlike the standard procedure, it does not depend on a knowledge of the distribution of the raw data. The simulated power function has all the properties of the power analysis theory and is in agreement with the results of the standard procedure.