单位根过程联合检验的Bootstrap研究

 本文以Ferretti和Romo的Bootstrap方法为基础进行拓展完成三种联合检验,并从理论证明了Bootstrap方法的有效性;使用蒙特卡洛模拟技术比较了Bootstrap检验与临界值检验的效果。模拟表明,在误判率上,Bootstrap方法下三个检验量的误判率分别为2.22%、3.70%、0.00%,而临界值的误判率分别高达22.22%、11.11%、15.56%;在精确程度上,Bootstrap方法的精度分别是临界值方法的11.25倍、26倍和6.5倍。模拟表明了本文构造的Bootstrap检验方法可以替代临界值方法,特别在小样本下,Bootstrap方法的优势表现更为明显。     

ADF单位根检验中联合检验F统计量研究

摘　　要:ADF检验是实际中最常用的单位根检验之一。ADF检验式有三种：（1）不含漂移项和趋势项;（2）只含漂移项不含趋势项;（3）既含漂移项也含趋势项。选用的检验式是否合适将直接影响到ADF检验的功效。为解决ADF检验过程中检验式的选择问题,本文首先从理论上推导了检验式（3）中时间趋势项系数δ与yz-1系数γ的联合检验统计量F的渐近分布;然后,应用蒙特卡罗模拟的方法研究了上述统计量与检验式（2）中关于漂移项α与系数γ的联合检验统计量的分布特征,进而给出了两统计量分布百分位数关于样本容量的响应面函数,从而进一步完善了单位根检验理论与方法。     

非线性单位根KSS检验联合检验量分布研究

文章以数据生成是否含漂移项为基础,分两种情况讨论非线性单位根KSS检验中三类联合检验量分布,结果表明它们在大样本下都收敛到维纳过程的泛函.为在实证分析中使用这三类联合检验量,文章通过蒙特卡罗模拟获得有限样本下常用的临界值,模拟显示:虽然这些临界值随着样本的增加而下降,但呈现稳定态势,且符合理论分析结果.     

局部线性趋势模型单位根检验量分布与Bootstrap检验

本文引入局部趋势概念,研究数据生成和检验式都含有趋势单位根过程中伪t检验量的分布,结果表明该分布为标准正态分布与第四种DF分布的混合体,并揭示了向这两类分布转化的条件.为摆脱伪t检验量受到特定参数约束而不能用于实证分析的困境,本文提出了Bootstrap检验方法,并从理论上证明该方法可用于水平检验和功效研究,埃奇沃思展开进一步证实该方法能够降低水平扭曲.蒙特卡洛模拟结果显示,Bootstrap检验量具有最高检验正确率,检验功效在一定条件下也能与标准正态分布的检验结果相媲美,说明Bootstrap方法可以用于此类模型的单位根检验.     

结构渐变条件下单位根检验的统计量研究

当经济统计数据呈现结构渐变特征时，经典的DF和ADF检验统计量的分布特征会有所改变。文章推导了当经济统计数据结构渐变时，DF与ADF检验式中的漂移项、时间趋势项、突变项的系数估计量渐近分布的泛函表达式，导出了漂移项t统计量的渐近分布形式。通过蒙特卡罗模拟，展示了DF检验式中漂移项t统计量的有限样本分布特征，拟合了漂移项t统计量的有限样本响应面函数，并给出临界值表，用于漂移项是否为零的检验。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的误差序列自相关检验研究

进行计量经济分析时一般都要检验模型是否存在自相关性,但目前常用的几种自相关检验方法都不同程度地存在一些问题,对此进行进一步的研究有重要意义。对于一阶自相关性检验,DW检验是最常用的方法,但其存在两个不确定区域。针对给定的解释变量,运用模拟方法,可以得到DW检验的临界值,从而克服了其存在不确定区域的缺陷。回归检验法则无可用的临界值,也可以用模拟方法计算其临界值,而且除检验功效很接近1的情形外,回归检验法的功效显著大于DW检验,可以替代DW检验。当样本量不是很大时,LM检验统计量的临界值与卡方分布的临界值差距较大,不能使用标准卡方临界值。在LM检验中,通常通过对最高阶滞后项系数进行t检验以确定自相关的阶数,但LM检验中最高阶滞后项系数的t统计量与标准t分布有较大差距,也不能用t分布临界值。     

非线性趋势KPSS检验、模型误设与检验流程构建

利用理论推导和蒙特卡洛模拟方法,研究非线性趋势数据生成模型中KPSS检验统计量、趋势项检验统计量分布规律,并总结出KPSS检验流程。理论研究表明,在原假设和备择假设成立时,相关检验统计量在大样本下都收敛到维纳过程的泛函,且KPSS检验不能有效区分趋势类型,模拟研究也得出类似结论。实证研究显示,通过使用KPSS检验流程,可以精确确定数据生成过程。     

具有EGARCH-skew-t误差项时序的单位根检验

文章通过随机模拟,分析了具有EGARCH-skew-t误差项的时序对ADF单位根检验的临界值、有效性和实际显著水平扭曲情况的影响。     

空间误差分量模型的Bootstrap LM检验

空间误差分量模型(Spatial Error Components,SEC)传统的空间相关性LM检验存在严重的水平扭曲和较低的检验功效,导致检验统计量失效.文章将Bootstrap方法应用于SEC模型的空间相关性LM检验,提高检验统计量的有效性.Monte Carlo模拟实验表明,Bootstrap LM检验的水平受误差项分布、空间权重矩阵和样本量影响较小,并且远优于渐近LM检验,具有理想的检验水平;渐近LM检验和Bootstrap LM检验的功效均随着空间相关性的增强,及样本量的增大而增大,但Bootstrap LM检验在各种情形下均具有更高的检验功效,尤其是样本量较小时.简言之,Bootstrap LM检验是SEC模型更为优越的空间相关性检验方法.     

空间动态面板模型的时间滞后效应检验

空间面板数据模型由于考虑了经济变量间的空间相关性,其优势日益凸显,已成为计量经济学的热点研究领域。将空间相关性与动态模式同时扩展到面板模型中的空间动态面板模型,不仅考虑了经济变量之间的空间相关性,还考虑了时间上的滞后性,是空间面板模型的发展,增强了模型的解释力。考虑一种带固定个体效应、因变量的时间滞后项、因变量与随机误差项均存在空间自相关性的空间动态面板回归模型,提出了在个体数n和时间数T都很大,且T相对地大于n的条件下空间动态面板模型中时间滞后效应存在性的LM和LR检验方法,其检验方法包括联合检验、一维及二维的边际和条件检验;推导出这些检验在零假设下的极限分布;其极限分布均服从卡方分布。通过模拟试验研究检验统计量的小样本性质,结果显示其具有优良的统计性质。     

A nonparametric test for similarity of marginals—With applications to the assessment of population bioequivalence

In this paper we suggest a completely nonparametric test for the assessment of similar marginals of a multivariate distribution function. This test is based on the asymptotic normality of Mallows distance between marginals. It is also shown that the n out of n bootstrap is weakly consistent, thus providing a theoretical justification to the work in Czado, C. and Munk, A. [2001. Bootstrap methods for the nonparametric assessment of population bioequivalence and similarity of distributions. J. Statist. Comput. Simulation 68, 243–280]. The test is extended to cross-over trials and is applied to the problem of population bioequivalence, where two formulations of a drug are shown to be similar up to a tolerable limit. This approach was investigated in small samples using bootstrap techniques in Czado, C., Munk, A. [2001. Bootstrap methods for the nonparametric assessment of population bioequivalence and similarity of distributions. J. Statist. Comput. Simulation 68, 243–280], showing that the bias corrected and accelerated bootstrap yields a very accurate and powerful finite sample correction. A data example is discussed.     

Conditional and unconditional tests with historical controls

Score statistics utilizing historical control data have been proposed to test for increasing trend in tumour occurrence rates in laboratory carcinogenicity studies. Novel invariance arguments are used to confirm, under slightly weaker conditions, previously established asymptotic distributions (mixtures of normal distributions) of tests unconditional on the tumor response rate in the concurrent control group. Conditioning on the control response rate, an ancillary statistic, leads to a new conditional limit theorem in which the test statistic converges to an unknown random variable. Because of this, a subasymptotic approximation to the conditional limiting distribution is also considered. The adequacy of these large-sample approximations in finite samples is evaluated using computer simulation. Bootstrap methods for use in finite samples are also proposed. The application of the conditional and unconditional tests is illustrated using bioassay data taken from the literature. The results presented in this paper are used to formulate recommendations for the use of tests for trend with historical controls in practice.     

Bootstrap procedures for variance breaks test in time series with a changing trend

In this article, we consider the problem of testing for variance breaks in time series in the presence of a changing trend. In performing the test, we employ the cumulative sum of squares (CUSSQ) test introduced by Inclán and Tiao (1994, J.?Amer.?Statist.?Assoc., 89, 913 ? 923). It is shown that CUSSQ test is not robust in the case of broken trend and its asymptotic distribution does not convergence to the sup of a standard Brownian bridge. As a remedy, a bootstrap approximation method is designed to alleviate the size distortions of test statistic while preserving its high power. Via a bootstrap functional central limit theorem, the consistency of these bootstrap procedures is established under general assumptions. Simulation results are provided for illustration and an empirical example of application to a set of high frequency real data is given.     

Bootstrap方法在证券投资基金风险测量中的应用

 Bootstrap method will largely improve the accuracy of risk measurement, which be used to calculate the value at risk of securities investment funds. The application of the Bootstrap method with GARCH-based risk measurement model, not only consider the fund’s data auto-correlation and the time-variable variance characteristic, but also very well simulate the distribution of the residual. The theoretical analysis and empirical analysis indicate that this flexible parameter-nonparametric mixed risk measurement model can improve estimation precision of VAR.     

Testing for serial correlation in linear model with validation data

In this paper, we investigate the testing for serial correlation in a linear model with validation data, then we apply the empirical likelihood method to construct the test statistic and derive the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under null hypothesis. Simulation results show that our method performs well both in size and power with finite same size.     

An exact test for trend among binomial proportions based on a modified Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler statistic

The Cochran-Armitage test is the most frequently used test for trend among binomial proportions. This test can be performed based on the asymptotic normality of its test statistic or based on an exact null distribution. As an alternative, a recently introduced modification of the Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler statistic, a novel nonparametric statistic, can be used. Simulation results indicate that the exact test based on this modification is preferable to the Cochran-Armitage test. This exact test is less conservative and more powerful than the exact Cochran-Armitage test. The power comparison to the asymptotic Cochran-Armitage test does not show a clear winner, but the difference in power is usually small. The exact test based on the modification is recommended here because, in contrast to the asymptotic Cochran-Armitage test, it guarantees a type I error rate less than or equal to the significance level. Moreover, an exact test is often more appropriate than an asymptotic test because randomization rather than random sampling is the norm, for example in biomedical research. The methods are illustrated with an example data set.     

Testing for Unit Root Against Stationarity Using the Likelihood Ratio Test

In a first-order autoregressive model with drift, we derive the likelihood ratio test for a unit root against the stationary alternative. We also derive the test in a state space model with trend. Finite sample and asymptotic critical values are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. A simulation study investigates the power performance of the likelihood ratio test and we also examine how a bias correction of the test affects the results.     

Power Variations and Testing for Co‐Jumps: The Small Noise Approach

In this paper, we study the effects of noise on bipower variation, realized volatility (RV) and testing for co‐jumps in high‐frequency data under the small noise framework. We first establish asymptotic properties of bipower variation in this framework. In the presence of the small noise, RV is asymptotically biased, and the additional asymptotic conditional variance term appears in its limit distribution. We also propose consistent estimators for the asymptotic variances of RV. Second, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic proposed in (Ann. Stat. 37, 1792‐1838) under the presence of small noise for testing the presence of co‐jumps in a two‐dimensional Itô semimartingale. In contrast to the setting in (Ann. Stat. 37, 1792‐1838), we show that the additional asymptotic variance terms appear and propose consistent estimators for the asymptotic variances in order to make the test feasible. Simulation experiments show that our asymptotic results give reasonable approximations in the finite sample cases.