公平偏好下的多任务目标与国企高管薪酬激励

通过将委托人和代理人公平偏好同时引入到多任务的委托代理模型中,研究国企高管和政府主管部门均具公平偏好下的国企高管最优薪酬机制。研究发现,在企业经营任务目标激励方面,当多任务成本函数为独立关系、互补关系或者替代性足够小的,国企委托人和代理人公平偏好将通过直接和间接的影响途径共同促进高管最优薪酬向公平工资回归,其中,间接影响表现为公平偏好先影响最优薪酬激励强度进而间接地影响总体薪酬水平;在此过程中,政府主管部门公平偏好和高管同情偏好对最优薪酬激励强度的影响,呈现出替代效应。在社会责任任务目标激励方面,显性薪酬激励不是有效的激励方式,因此政府应该借助于隐性激励方式来激励该任务目标的实现。研究还发现教育程度较高的高管具有更强的公平偏好心理。     

基于不公平厌恶或地位追求的创新顾客最优合同类型研究

本文首先从创新顾客的公平偏好程度、薪酬合同类型（最优激励系数）与激励机制效果的关系入手，引入公平偏好理论（不公平厌恶和地位追求）、相对绩效评估（RPE）和参与成本要素，构建顾客参与企业新产品开发的激励模型；其次，通过模型求解和分析，探讨分析各类薪酬合同中风险成本、不公平预期损失和激励效果之间的关系；最后，通过仿真实验验证并确定企业采用的创新顾客最优薪酬合同类型。研究发现：在同一薪酬合同下，创新顾客愈不在意其参与成本的投入，该合同的激励效果愈积极；关于创新顾客最优合同类型的选择，意味着求解一个三方面权衡，包括风险成本、不公平预期损失和公平偏好的激励效果；对于公平偏好程度较低的创新顾客，企业可采用相对绩效合同，例如锦标竞争合同；对于公平偏好程度较高的创新顾客，当其风险规避程度较高时，可采用团队报酬合同，当其风险规避程度较低时，可采用完美团队合同。     

经理人股票期权无效性的动态非合作博弈分析

大量学者从不同角度对经理人股票期权的有效性提出了质疑.本文基于现有理论和经验研究成果,分析股票期权收益的重要因素--继任经理人员的努力类型,对股票期权激励效果的影响,构建了经理人员股票期权激励合约的新框架,并建立经理人员之间的非合作动态博弈模型,有效解释了股票期权激励无效的内在原因.     

公平偏好与锦标激励

行为合约理论认为代理人具有公平偏好,会关注自己的物质收益与他人相比是否公平,因而试图建立包含公平偏好的最优激励合约.在锦标激励中,这种公平偏好一方面是由于参与约束效应会降低代理人的努力程度,另一方面是由于激励相容约束效应提高代理人的努力程度,参与约束效应占主导作用,在最优的锦标激励制度下公平偏好会降低代理人的努力程度和委托人的期望收益水平.因此积极识别员工的公平偏好对企业制定恰当的锦标激励制度具有重要意义.     

激励合约线性结构的行为合约理论解释

合约理论继承了经济学传统自利偏好假设,却忽略了公平偏好等行为心理因素。为此,在借鉴行为经济学描述公平偏好的FS模型基础上,把公平偏好引入最优激励合约设计的标准框架,以行为合约理论为工具,通过建立离散产出和离散努力模型,研究设计公平偏好下的最优激励合约。分析结果发现,引入公平偏好之后的一级最优和二级最优激励合约都是线性结构的,并且其斜率会随着公平偏好增强而增大,但不会超过0.5。这不但得到了线性结构的激励合约,而且得到了与实证研究结论相一致的关于激励合约斜率性质的理论分析结果,从而为激励合约线性结构提供了一种较合理的理论解释。     

经理才能、公司治理与契约参照点——中国上市公司高管薪酬决定因素的理论与实证分析

本文沿着中国企业激励制度市场化改革和全球公司治理趋同这两条主线,基于超越最优契约范式的市场配置视角、经理权力视角以及契约订立过程中的参照点效应,提出了关于中国上市公司高管薪酬决定因素的三组理论假设。基于502家上市公司2001至2006年平衡面板数据的实证研究显示,高管薪酬水平的上升反映了市场对经理才能日益增长的竞争性需求,但旨在约束经理权力、构架完备的公司治理机制并未发挥有效作用。此外,国际同行的薪酬基准对中国公司的高管薪酬决策具有参照点效应,这种薪酬设定过程中存在的参照点效应因薪酬委员会的存在而被放大。     

考虑风险企业家有公平偏好的风险投资激励机制——基于显性努力和隐性努力的视角

将风险企业家的努力分为显性努力和隐性努力,基于不同努力类型建立了完全理性下的风险投资委托代理模型,在此基础上,将行为经济学的公平偏好植入到风险投资激励模型中,并针对不同情况进行建模分析,研究结果表明:如果风险企业家具有显性努力时,公平偏好系数对激励系数、风险企业家的努力水平和风险投资家的努力水平都没有影响;如果风险企业家的努力是隐性努力,风险投资家需要给予风险企业家下项目收益分享(激励系数大于0),并且如果风险企业家具有公平偏好心理,那么风险投资家支付的项目收益分享比例要大于完全理性下的项目收益分享比例,风险企业家和风险投资家都会降低努力水平,但风险企业家获得的实际利润是最多的.同时,风险企业家的公平偏好嫉妒系数越大,获得的实际利润也越大,但风险投资家的实际利润与公平偏好嫉妒系数负相关.最后,利用仿真模拟对理论结果进一步分析和检验.     

经理人权力、薪酬结构与企业业绩

经理人薪酬合约的安排,既是为了缓解代理问题,其本身也可能受到经理人权力的影响.本文实证检验了经理人权力对薪酬结构的影响,发现经理人权力越大时,越倾向于选择高额的货币化报酬,以替代在职消费.进一步看,本文结合经理人权力这一重要权变变量,探讨不同情况下,经理人薪酬结构安排对企业业绩的影响.结论表明,当经理人权力较大时,在职消费一定程度上能够协调公司的利益和经理人的私人利益相一致,对企业业绩发挥积极作用;但当经理人权力越大、同时货币薪酬对在职消费的替代性越强时,经理人越有可能滥用在职消费,降低企业业绩,导致在职消费激励效率低下的主要原因是其使用用途的不规范.不同于以往研究结论中一概而论地只关注在职消费激励的低效率,本文的研究结论部分支持了经理人权力和薪酬结构的相机治理原则.     

基于非排它性互换合约的管理层激励研究

管理者进行金融衍生品市场的非排它性股权互换交易会降低报酬合约的事后激励强度,并对企业价值和风险产生影响.本文在管理者可同时影响企业风险和企业价值的条件下,构建基于股权互换避险交易的管理者激励薪酬动态博弈模型.结果表明,当管理者投入产出效率高于某临界值时,互换避险的存在不会降低激励合约的强度;否则激励合约强度的减弱程度随...     

中国期权制度的国际比较

薪酬激励是公司治理机制的核心内容。在美国、西欧、日本等发达的市场经济国家中，经理期权在公司高级管理人员的薪酬结构中扮演着日益重要的角色。与传统的薪酬制度相比，经理期权对经理人员能起到长期的激励作用，在公司治理方面是薪酬激励的一大创新。但是，经理期权在公司运营中效用的产生是有条件的，它会因经济制度的不同而不同。 所谓的经理期权是指公司资产所有者授予以首席执行官为首的高级管理人员期权，让他在某一段时间后按照授予期权时约定的价格购买本公司股票。这是一种由企业的所有者向经营者提供的一种长期激励制度，通常…     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.