基于质量努力和管理努力的风险投资金融契约设计与学习机制

在风险投资中,企业家付出的努力对企业的内在价值起决定性作用,为了研究如何更好地激励企业家提升企业的内在价值,本文将企业家付出的努力分为：质量努力和管理努力。首先,本文在单期静态模型下设计最优金融契约,并研究了两种努力的效率对激励效果的影响,研究表明：在单期模型中,激励企业家付出质量努力比激励其付出管理努力更加复杂,且与企业的内在价值波动有关。进一步,在多期动态模型中引入风险投资家对企业信息的学习过程,研究表明随着企业内在价值波动率单调减小,契约的激励效果越来越显著,且学习机制的加入会激励企业家降低努力的成本系数,同时更多地提升质量努力的效率。     

双边道德风险与风险投资企业可转换债券设计

个人有限理性和投资项目未来收益的不确定性使得风险投资家(VC)与风险企业家(EN)面临双边道德风险,论文将风险投资项目划分为创业初期和开拓产品市场阶段,并对不同阶段特征进行了刻画.通过引入VC与EN相对努力成本效率系数,讨论了在满足VC和EN效用函数及设定的约束条件下,控制权在VC和EN间相机转移情况下可转换债券是否以...     

构建实物期权模式与防范企业家道德风险

风险投资项目中企业经营者的道德风险对于风险投资家的风险投资收益影响巨大,本文通过对于实物期权理论及实物期权模式的探讨和相关的定量分析,指出在风险投资项目中构建实物期权模式会有助于风险投资项目中企业家道德风险的解决,并有利于风险投资家收益最大化目标的实现。     

过度自信与公平对风险投资契约与绩效的影响研究

从行为金融的视角,研究了在单边道德风险的情况下,企业家的过度自信与公平感受对自利的风险投资家的风险投资契约设计与绩效的影响,即在单边委托-代理模型中,随着企业家过度自信水平的增加,不论企业家是自利型还是不平等厌恶型,风险投资家提供给企业家的最优股权比例都在减少。同时,随着企业家过度自信水平的增加,其付出的努力水平也在增加。在企业家群体中同时存在上述2种类型的企业家时,无论企业家是自利型还是不平等厌恶型,福利水平都将随着企业家过度自信水平的增加而增大。     

公平偏好下双代理人激励契约设计研究

具有多个代理人的机制设计问题通常讨论代理人之间的竞争关系,并且假设代理人的行为不受情感因素的影响和代理人的偏好只追求自己收益最大化而不考虑他人的收益。然而在实践中存在大量多个代理人之间可能合作的现象,并且代理人行为受情感因素影响和采用公平偏好。本文考虑人的行为受情感因素影响下,探讨信息不对称下具有公平偏好的双代理人选择竞争或合作行为时的委托代理问题。给出了激励代理人竞争或合作的条件、提出了代理人选择合作后的分配方式以及分析了人的情感因素和公平偏好对信息租金的影响。在不同偏好下得到如下结论：(1)代理人选择竞争时均有更大的最优努力水平。(2)激励代理人竞争或合作的条件会随着公平偏好而发生改变。(3)竞争系数、单位产出带来的收入、自豪强度越大,信息租金减少量越大;嫉妒强度、同情强度越大,信息租金减少量越小。(4)外部环境不确定性增加将促进代理人合作。研究结论可以应用于解决实际社会生产生活中委托人需要激励代理人去竞争或合作的两类委托代理问题。     

基于不完全契约的高新技术风险企业控制权结构选择及其影响因素研究

文章从风险企业家与风险投资家风险偏好、风险投资家干预行动、控制权私有收益以及分阶段融资等方面对Gebhardt-Schmidt(2006)与Jean-Etienne(2008)模型进行综合与扩展,比较分析了相机控制与联合控制两类控制权配置结构的适用范围与影响因素。理论研究得出,风险投资家的监控干预成本、风险企业家的融资额与控制权私人非货币收益、风险投资家在重新谈判中的讨价还价能力与持有的企业赎回权、项目失败时风险企业的清算价值以及风险投资家风险规避系数,与联合控制的选择概率正相关、与相机控制的选择概率负相关;风险投资家战略目标的实现度与联合控制的选择概率负相关、与相机控制的选择概率正相关。     

风险企业中的企业家团队

风险企业家团队的分工和专业化对于产出分配的影响是重要的。本文通过Stackelberg博弈模型的建立,分析风险企业家和风险投资家在产出中的份额分享。企业家投入股本和努力水平,因此合约中的激励报酬体系也就相应分为股本分红和努力收益两部分。双方的投入顺序是特定的,而且在产出和信念两方面产生影响。由于分工,企业家团队比单个代理人改善了均衡投入产出,弱化了搭便车行为,这部分的表现为投资的优化。投资者也愿意做更多投入,并给予团队成员更多的激励。团队的建立有助于消除高工资率和高股本回报率的相互替代性。另外,风险企业家与风险投资家之间可能存在着一种风险态度互动效应。     

基于Stackelberg博弈的风险项目投资水平分析

在风险项目以债权-股权相结合的融资工具的假定上,引入融资合约中常用的"激励因子",分别建立风险投资家和企业家的支付函数,从而构建了斯坦克尔伯格(Stackelberg)博弈模型;然后用逆向归纳法分析Stackelberg模型,讨论了作为领导者的企业家的自有资本和"激励因子"对作为跟随者的风险投资家的总投资水平及资本结构的影响;并在此基础上分析了企业家的均衡投资决策,进而给出了企业家为激励风险投资家而需提供自有资本水平的必要条件,从而解决了企业家对风险投资家的激励问题.通过研究发现:风险投资家的总投资水平由债权"激励因子"和其边际投资机会成本决定,而股权投资水平由其绝对风险厌恶因子、主观收益率的参数以及"激励因子"决定.尽管假定风险投资家较企业家风险厌恶,但是后者可以通过激励前者,使前者对于风险项目前景较后者乐观.     

考虑努力水平和决策风险偏好的供应链期权销量担保模型

对销售商和供应商组成的简单两级供应链,在供应链参与企业的风险偏好影响其决策选择,以及在需求随机并受销售商营销努力水平影响的市场环境下,建立了基于销量担保期权的供应链契约模型。提供了一种基于期望损失的期权定价方法,分析了努力水平和决策风险偏好双重因素对参与企业的决策及其供应链协调的影响。研究表明在考虑努力水平和决策风险偏好差异时,单纯的期权销量契约无法实现供应链协调。为此,引入收益共享和努力成本共担策略,对原契约模型加以修正。在修正契约中,当收益共享比例和努力成本共担比例满足一定条件时,修正的期权销量担保契约可以实现供应链协调。最后,提供了一种模型优化分析方法,并通过案例分析说明了研究结论的有效性。     

盟员行为偏好下生鲜农产品供应链生鲜努力激励机制与协调研究

本文建立了"合作社+核心企业"模式下两阶段折扣定价的二级生鲜农产品供应链，基于消费者生鲜偏好、价格敏感度对市场需求的影响，选取Nash谈判解作为公平参考点，引入合作社公平偏好理论，研究供应链盟员保鲜投入决策。针对合作社保鲜努力激励，探讨供应链盟员偏好对保鲜努力水平以及收益共享契约激励协调效果的影响。研究发现，消费者生鲜偏好的提高能够促进收益共享契约的激励效果，并且提高合作社公平效用。同时，收益共享契约在第一阶段对保鲜努力水平的激励效果优于第二阶段，而在第二阶段联合使用收益共享和成本分摊能够显著提高该阶段的保鲜投入。     

What affects new venture firm’s innovation more in corporate venture capital?

Although corporate venture capital (CVC) is a potential source of innovation, few studies have directly examined the impact of a parent company’s knowledge and resources on a new venture firm’s innovation performance. This article investigates the impact of experience with parent’s alliance and investment intensity on the extent to which new ventures in the U.S. use their parents’ knowledge and financial resources for their innovation activities at the inception of the CVC relationship over a 44-year period. Our findings suggest that ventures with alliance experience draw more on collaboration knowledge and relational capital, while investment intensity also increases innovation. At a low level of investment complexity, the use of alliance experience and investment intensity is positively related to innovation performance. However, when a parent company has high investment complexity for innovation performance, investment intensity and alliance experience are less effective. Our results, thus, unveil the CVC backing associated with the innovation of new venture firms.     

The decline of venture capital

Venture capital is a means of financing the growth of companies with a technologically innovative product, the investor's objective is the realisation of capital gains on the sale of his shareholding. The history of venture capital in the US and the UK is examined. After attracting great interest in the late 1960s and early 1970s, activity in the venture capital field has declined significantly. The reasons for this decline are analysed and it is suggested that a recovery of interest is unlikely.     

A case study in venture management

This paper examines the venture concept as a means of stimulating new product development within large companies. The literature reveals a significant difference between the venture idea as originally conceived in North America and as applied in European companies. A case study of a UK venture experiment is then presented which clearly demonstrates the resistance to substantive change which may characterise large organisations.     

A challenging marketplace for venture capital

This article looks at the contemporary situation facing the U.K. venture capital industry as it enters its second decade of activity. After 10 years of substantial growth, the industry is starting to mature. Accordingly, in an increasingly competitive marketplace, U.K. venture capital firms are having to address seriously strategic issues of product and market choice in order to meet the high investment expectations placed on them by their funders. There is evidence that the industry is already concentrating its finances into a small number of larger firms. It is likely that these better resourceed firms will have material advantages in initiating both product and market innovations. However, this concentration is unlikely to improve the supply of venture capital funds to start-up and other early stage, high risk ventures.     

New venture development at Du Pont

New Products are the life blood of a growing company, but traditional methods of introducing new products are no longer adequate. Du Pont is using a new approach called Venture Management. A New Venture Development provides an ideal environment for making and carrying out decisions involved in introducing new technological developments. It combines the advantages in mobility and communications enjoyed by a small venture-orientated company with the strong technical and financial advantages of a large company.     

The syndication of venture capital investments

This paper examines competing finance, resource-based and deal flow explanations for the syndication of venture capital investments. Evidence from 60 firms (a 58.8% response rate) is analysed. Overall the finance perspective provides a strong explanation of motives for syndication, but the resource-based view is found to be much more important for those firms involved in at least some early stage transactions. The implications for researchers are that venture capital firms should not be treated as a homogeneous group and that the investment stages in which they operate may strongly influence attitudes towards syndication. In addition, there are implications for practitioners as venture capital firms may not be attributing sufficient attention to the need to augment their own resource base in order to enable them to make superior decisions when selecting deals and managing investments.     

Cognitive approaches to new venture creation

Cognitive processes play a critical role in the formation of new ventures. Moreover, the effects of managerial cognition are likely to be more direct and immediate in new venture settings than in the context of larger, more established organizations. For these reasons, the theories and methods of managerial and organizational cognition can provide insight into the process of new venture creation. This paper reviews recent studies that take a cognitive approach to new venture creation and categorizes them according to the stage of new venture creation with which they are concerned. Key issues discussed include the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, the sensemaking processes of scanning, interpretation and action, the use of schema and heuristics in decision-making and the phenomenon of entrepreneurial alertness. Several preliminary research conclusions are drawn, and the implications of these findings for the practice of entrepreneurship are considered. Finally, several promising avenues for future research are explored.     

Digitalization,institutions and new venture internationalization

This study examines the effect of digitalization on the internationalization of new ventures and further investigates the influence of a home country's presence of institutional voids and digital infrastructure on the extent of internationalization by new ventures, with the prediction that a home country's institutional voids and a weak digital infrastructure strengthen the positive relationship between new ventures' digitalization and internationalization. Applying multilevel modeling on a sample of more than 6000 entrepreneurs from 62 countries the study offers empirical support for these predictions. The findings are robust to alternative specifications. Entrepreneurs using the internet to sell their products and services are more likely to focus on customers in foreign markets when they face institutional voids and a lack of digital infrastructure in their home countries. The study contributes as follows: From a theoretical view, it provides a better understanding of the boundary conditions of the digitalization-new venture internationalization linkage. From a practical perspective, the findings of the study suggest the complementary roles of institutional voids and digital infrastructure at home to help entrepreneurs grow domestically and facilitate their internationalization.