南宁市旅游可持续发展与生态环境保护研究

生态旅游是南宁市旅游发展的地域优势.进入21世纪的南宁旅游业面临着缺乏旅游精品,缺乏特色,缺乏文化内涵等许多问题.今后应该突出首府生态旅游建设,突出保育、开发、环保等理念,加强旅游区的保育规划,促进南宁旅游业走上可持续发展的道路.     

社会资本视角下青南高原藏区生态旅游发展的社区参与研究

保护与发展是青南高原藏区面临的困境.社区参与生态旅游是解决这一困境的主要途径,这是基于当地丰富的生态旅游资源和居民对发展的强烈意愿.社区社会资本是社区参与生态旅游的一种重要的资源,在生态旅游发展中有着极其重要的作用.研究区最突出的特点是社区居民全民信教(藏传佛教),宗教对社区有着十分重要的影响,是社区居民共同的行为准则和信任基础,也是社区和谐或冲突的主要因素.问卷调研显示,研究区大部分社区社会资本比较高,社区居民之间的关系较融洽、居民之间信任度较高,社区内比较和谐.进一步完善社区信任体系和规范体系,强化社区内外的参与和合作,培育社区网络是推动社区参与生态旅游健康发展的重要举措.     

藏族游牧民定居与新牧区建设——甘南藏族自治州调查报告

通过甘南藏族自治州的实地调查资料,对藏族游牧民定居与新牧区建设问题作了研究.近期政府实施的"牧民集中定居"政策,符合大部分藏族牧民的愿望.经济因素、文化因素和心理因素等影响着藏族游牧民的定居决策.为了推进藏族聚居地区牧民定居和新牧区建设进程,需要各级政府采取综合性对策.     

甘南藏族自治州人口增长与环境问题研究

甘南藏族自治州是中国经济发展落后、人口增长迅速、计划生育工作薄弱、生态环境脆弱和少数民族聚居地区,生态环境承载能力处于严重超载状态,人口与资源环境矛盾尖锐。论文分析了甘南藏族自治州主要的人口增长对环境的影响。加大保护自然环境力度,合理开发资源;贯彻计划生育基本国策,控制人口过快增长;发展经济,创造解决人口问题的物质基础;积极争取国家政策支持,促进生态环境保护与建设。     

大湘西乡村生态旅游发展研究

乡村生态旅游既能提升和优化乡村生态环境,又能带动乡村经济发展,提高农民的收入水平,成为区域经济发展中新的增长极。大湘西具有发展乡村生态旅游的天然优势和巨大潜力,本文就大湘西发展乡村生态旅游的可行性进行了分析,并提出了发展乡村生态旅游的具体对策和建议。     

少数民族地区城市发展的若干思考——以甘南藏族自治州为例

本文通过对甘南藏族自治州城市发展状况的分析,总结了少数民族地区城市发展过程中的基本规律和主要问题,并提出了少数民族地区在城市发展观念、城市发展战略、城市发展模式等方面的对策性建议。     

生态旅游视角下社区参与的激励方式研究

生态旅游如今已成为旅游业中倍受瞩目的焦点。社区居民作为生态旅游发展中的利益相关者,对当地生态旅游发展具有十分重要的作用。因此,本文主要针对如何激励社区居民积极参与生态旅游发展进行研究。文章首先介绍生态旅游视角下社区参与的相关概念及理论,然后简要说明生态旅游应遵循的原则,在此基础上阐述社区参与的主要内容,最后对生态旅游社区参与的具体激励方式进行有益探索。     

民族地区发展生态旅游的效应分析

本文在探讨生态旅游概念和内涵的基础上,分析了民族地区发展生态旅游的经济效应、环境效应和社会效应。     

关于永顺实施土家文化生态旅游开发的构想

永顺县位于湖南省西北部,地处武陵山脉中段,云贵高原东缘,是一个以土家族为主的少数民族聚居县。境内属亚热带暖湿季风气候,温暖湿润,四季分明,山川秀美,林木葱茂,是旅游休闲的好去处。同时永顺县历史文化沉淀丰厚,民族风情浓郁,文化生态旅游资源极为丰富,发展以历史文化和民族文化为内核,以自然生态为背景的民族文化生态旅游潜力巨大,前景广阔。(一)永顺县委、县政府紧紧抓住国家西部大开发机遇,大力实施旅游带动战略,遵循旅游开发建设“政府主导,企业运作,群众参与,部门配合”的原则,充分调动和利用一切有利因素,不断加强民族文化生态旅游…     

发展人类学视野中的文化生态旅游开发——以云南泸沽湖为例

本文评述了20世纪60年代兴起的发展人类学主要研究理论、方法和发展趋势;讨论发展人类学对文化生态旅游可持续发展的贡献;描述云南泸沽湖地区自上个世纪80年代以来大力发展摩梭民族文化生态旅游的过程;并应用发展人类学的理论和方法来解读摩梭民族文化生态旅游的发展,在充分肯定其所取得巨大成绩后,从发展意识、社区参与、权力问题和利益相关者四个方面,探讨其所面临的困境和可采取的对策,以实现其可持续地和负责任地发展。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.     

香格里拉四川片区旅游产品开发的"三部曲"

香格里拉四川片区不仅具有世界级的旅游资源,而且还是罕见的多民族聚居区和文化汇集区.人们在普遍关注该区域的生态旅游资源时,却忽略了该区域独具魅力、丰富多彩的多民族文化资源。那么,如何挖掘和展示该区域丰富的多民族文化资源呢?笔者认为:通过开发该区域的旅游产品,以多民族文化为依托,分步骤分阶段有条不紊地来展现,不失为一计良策。     

建立西部民族文化生态村的构想--以湖北景阳镇为个案研究

湖北景阳是个自然、文化生态资源极其丰富的少数民族社区,由于清江水布垭电站的建设,景阳新镇的移民搬迁,即使景阳口传及非物质文化面临着传承的危机,又是构建西部少数民族地区民族文化生态村、发展旅游业的绝好时机。选择好民族文化生态村建点模式;认清旅游业的发展将带给社区文化的影响;维护文化与生态环境的和谐,可为建立西部民族文化村,谋求西部社会经济的可持续发展提供一个可借鉴的范式。     

渝东南少数民族贫困地区文化旅游发展探析

渝东南是少数民族聚居的老少边穷地区,但是其自然风景优美,国家历史文化名镇分布较多,土家苗族文化风情异彩纷呈,应该充分利用资源优势,开发少数民族地区特色文化生态旅游产品,发展少数民族文化生态旅游产业,加快实现民族地区的和谐发展。因此,本文分析了渝东南少数民族地区文化旅游发展的条件、优势、存在问题,进而提出渝东南民族贫困地区文化旅游开发的思路和对策。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

基于TEF模型的青海省旅游业可持续发展评价

将旅游者生态足迹用于地区旅游业可持续发展评价的出发点,是把地区的旅游生态承载力作为可持续发展的根本制约因素,探讨与旅游活动相关的生态消费水平与地区生态供给能力之间的关系,以此确定地区旅游业发展的可持续性.本文以青海省作为研究对象,在对其2000～2007年旅游者生态足迹进行计算的基础上,评价了青海旅游业发展的可持续性,并在可能改善的领域进行分析,探讨促进与改善青海省旅游业可持续性的途径.     

试论生态人类学对西藏旅游业的意义

生态人类学注重环境和文化的互动.从生态人类学的角度研究西藏旅游现象和问题,可以使人类学研究和旅游业的发展相得益彰,在增进人们的相互理解和尊重的同时,促使旅游业走上更加健康和谐的可持续发展之路.     

吉隆沟生态资源考察与旅游开发评价

吉隆沟是一个位于喜马拉雅山深处、几乎与世隔绝的高原峡谷,由于特殊的地理环境使这里形成了在喜马拉雅地区具有典型代表性的垂直生态体系,被誉为"高原地区最丰富的物种基因库"和"世界上最美丽的峡谷",随着中尼边境吉隆口岸建设计划的推进,吉隆峡谷的开发越来越迫在眉睫。文章在实地考察的基础上,对峡谷内的生态资源进行了科学评价,并初步提出了以徒步旅游为主要形式、生态旅游为主题的开发设想,为吉隆沟的开发建设提出一条建立在可持续发展基础上的发展之路。     

青藏高原民族地区经济发展思路探析

青藏高原民族地区经济发展不应照搬东部地区的模式,而应发挥自身的优势,加快基础设施建设和产业结构的调整,突出支柱产业的发展和特色产品的开发,发展小城镇,加强生态保护,走可持续发展道路。     

文化边缘地带旅游业的发展选择

本文通过对文化边缘地带发展旅游业的基础环境特质性分析 ,以及旅游业发展与民族文化互动关系的研究 ,探讨了旅游业发展的自我制衡性规律和内在演化机理 ,提出了关于文化边缘地带旅游业发展所应肩负的文化传承与发展使命 ;对解决文化边缘地带旅游产业化进程中的文化保护与发展从理论与实践两个方面进行了探讨 ;强调了保持文化的多元性是文化边缘地带旅游业可持续发展的必然选择。