一种基于偏好分布的群决策方法

为了满足群决策的实际需求,本文提出了一种基于偏好分布的群决策方法,该方法利用完全不对称预先排序向量表示决策者的偏好,通过分析计算偏好排序向量的密度和分布结构,从可行方案集合中寻找所有决策者都能接受的优选方案集合,逐次缩小搜索空间以逼近一致满意解。该方法结合冲突分析,可进一步分析决策者之间的相互关系,集成于谈判支持系统,具有直观、实用等特点,最后给出了一个实际例子说明该方法。     

多目标灰线性规划的满意度解法研究

本文首次给出了多目标灰一规划的满意度求解方法，该方法有两个优点：（１）避免了一般求解灰线性规划时解的不完备性；（２）能充分利用决策才的偏好信息，且使决策的偏好信息易于表达     

基于心理阈值的多属性决策问题目标调整研究

将决策者在决策指标上存在心理阈值的现状应用到多属性决策问题,提出先对决策目标调整再进行决策的方法。首先,对效益型、成本型、中间型指标构建相应的指标满意度函数和算法,针对不同类型的指标选择相应的算法,计算决策者在每个备选方案存在心理阈值属性上的满意度;其次,根据决策者满意度与心理阈值,调整决策目标组建新的决策信息表;再次,提出基于决策者满意度的属性赋权与信息集结算法模型,获得最优决策方案;最后,通过一个实际生活中的决策者购房案例,表明该方法的科学合理性。     

模糊车辆路径问题的一种混合遗传算法

在对模糊车辆路径问题进行简单描述的基础上,通过引入决策者主观偏好值的概念,给出了解决该问题的基本思路,建立了具有模糊特征的车辆路径问题的模糊机会规划模型,提出了求解该问题的一种基于模糊模拟的混合遗传算法。同时,在最小化总行驶距离的目标下,通过随机模拟方法研究了决策者主观偏好值的选择对最终决策目标的影响作用,并给出了其最佳取值范围。     

基于风险偏好差异性假设的动态决策过程研究

针对风险偏好差异性决策者共存时的决策过程进行研究,提出边求解边对决策者分类决策再进行信息融合的动态决策策略.从客观数据角度基于属性值相似关系提取有效属性并对有效属性进行赋权;根据决策者对决策活动的选择判断逐步嵌入风险偏好(风险偏好型、风险中立型、风险规避型);基于属性值之间的可能度与相似度,构建相应类型的风险偏好预期理论模型;在决策信息集结与决策对象排序过程中,根据决策者的风险偏好特征选择相适应的算法模型;针对风险偏好差异性决策者共存的情形,基于决策结果公平效用最大化的角度提出新的信息融合模型构建算法;通过实际案例进行分析并验证这一新方法的科学合理性.     

基于知识和模糊神经网络的学习型评价系统

提出一种学习型评价系统的建立方法. 评价功能是基于决策者(专家) 的知识和模糊神经 网络实现的,适用于以语言型变量为主的系统的评价问题. 样本数据集的建立及语言型变量的 描述,是通过挖掘专家知识,建立符合其偏好的隶属函数实现的. 该评价系统可以充分利用以 往的决策案例,通过学习获取决策者的知识和经验,从而得到与决策者的评价结论相同的评价 结果.     

震后初期应急物资配送的模糊多目标选址-多式联运问题

针对震后初期应急物资配送系统优化问题,考虑应急物资需求模糊情况下应急物资配送中心选址和应急物资多式联运安排的集成决策,以应急物资配送总时间最短和受灾点应急物资未满足的总损失最小为目标,建立了一个震后应急物资配送的多目标选址-多式联运问题优化模型,设计了一种采用二维编码的非支配排序多目标遗传算法,并对该算法进行了复杂性分析。算例分析结果表明:该算法可以在得到Pareto前沿的同时,根据决策者偏好在Pareto前沿面上给出各种优化决策方案。     

多属性决策中权重确定的一种集成方法

针对多属性决策中属性权重的确定问题,提出了一种主客观信． 的集成方法．该方法是通过一个数学规划模型,将决策者给出的主观权重偏好信息与客观的决策矩阵信息进行有机 地集成,使确定的权重同时反映主观程度和客观程度．     

物流中心选址的多目标优化研究

物流中心选址是一个定性与定量相结合的问题.首先以最小化建设成本和最大化建站的综合评价值为目标,建立一个双目标规划模型.首先,根据决策者是否知道目标函数的偏好,提出加权法和折衷规划法.最后,通过多目标模糊决策分析方法获得了多目标优化方案,利用模糊分析法的原理,确定评价指标,然后把供选择的物流配送中心方案在模糊环境下进行排序,从而得出最优的选址方案.     

基于约束满意的供应链应急制造采购策略研究

针对紧急需求与采购成本之间的冲突,研究了模糊时间要求和模糊物资需求下多供应商和单一制造商构成的供应链的应急制造采购问题.建立了供应链应急制造采购的多目标、多约束组合优化模型,提出了一种由约束满意优化模型转换、搜索算法、满意度函数和满意度要求调整方法构成的交互式满意决策方法.运用该方法能够获得体现决策者偏好的满意采购策略,实现以合理成本满足应急需求的目的.通过模拟算例解释了交互式满意决策的过程.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.