中国“民族”内涵及民族研究范式应有之转变:以壮族为例(一)

本文以西方族群和民族理论为观照,对中国族群观、"民族"的"塑造"过程及其内涵作一考察,在重新认识中国"民族"的基础上,对转变民族研究范式提出建议。     

论族群与民族

族群概念的引入和使用为中国人类学和民族学的研究开辟了一个新天地。族群概念的界定是多义的 ,有的强调族群的内涵 ,有的强调族群的边界 ,有的是两者兼而有之 ,但简明准确的界定可以概括为“族群是对某些社会文化要素认同 ,而自觉为我的一种社会实体”。族群与民族的区别是 :(1)从性质上看 ,族群强调的是文化性 ,而民族强调的是政治性 ;(2 )从社会效果上看 ,族群显现的是学术性 ,而民族显现的是法律性 ;(3)从使用范围上看 ,族群概念的使用十分宽泛 ,而民族概念的使用则比较狭小。族群与民族的联系是 :族群可能是一个民族 ,也可能不是一个民族 ;而民族不仅可以称为族群 ,还可以包括若干不同的族群     

中国“民族”内涵及民族研究范式应有之转变:以壮族为例(二)

本文以西方族群和民族理论为观照,对中国族群观、"民族"的"塑造"过程及其内涵作一考察,在重新认识中国"民族"的基础上,对转变民族研究范式提出建议。     

前苏联-俄罗斯民族学理论中的“民族”(этнос)(上)

在前苏联的民族学理论中 ,以“民族” (этнос)概念为核心且涵盖各种“族类共同体”的分类体系形成了一套系统的理论。对这套理论虽然存在着诸多质疑 ,甚至否定性的批判 ,但是其影响依然很大。中国民族学界对这套理论的研究不够 ,特别是西方族群 (ethnicgroup)概念及其相关理论传入后 ,对前苏联的“民族” (этнос)概念及其理论更是绝少问津。在西方“族群” (ethnicgroup)概念和“族群性” (ethnicity)理论大行其道的情势下 ,重视前苏联的民族学理论和当代俄罗斯民族学界对这一问题的继续讨论 ,是发展中国民族学、人类学理论不可忽视的工作     

论"民族"与"族群"的界定

本文认为,当前"族群"和族群理论的应用在一定范围内泛滥,有取代"民族"概念的趋势,应该引起注意.两个概念都有特定的内涵,不能互相取代."族群"概念应是"民族"概念的补充,是对"民族"的细化研究.准确地把握它们的含义和关系,有利于正确地指导民族工作的实践.     

文化民族与政治民族:由民族属性所衍生的话题

民族作为一种人们共同体,既有文化属性,又有政治属性,基于此可将民族划分为文化民族与政治民族。于是,学术界由民族属性衍生了关于文化民族与政治民族的纠结的话题。伴随西方"族群"概念的引入,我国部分学者将文化民族等同于族群和将政治民族等同于民族,并主张以族群替代民族的观点,其实质上就是通过民族的"去政治化"或"文化化"而人为地实现政治民族转向文化民族。本文认为,在中国,提倡民族的"政治化",未必会强化民族认同而削弱国家认同,对国家的稳定、统一与发展形成挑战;同样,主张民族的"文化化",也未必能够淡化民族色彩,模糊民族意识,有效地解决当前存在的民族问题。显然,只有客观地看待民族属性,科学界分文化民族与政治民族,才能促进民族的自身发展和国家的长治久安。     

前苏联-俄罗斯民族学理论中的"民族"(этнос)(下)

在前苏联的民族学理论中 ,以“民族” (этнос)概念为核心且涵盖各种“族类共同体”的分类体系形成了一套系统的理论。对这套理论虽然存在着诸多质疑 ,甚至否定性的批判 ,但是其影响依然很大。中国民族学界对这套理论的研究不够 ,特别是西方“族群” (ethnicgroup)概念及其相关理论传入后 ,对前苏联的“民族” (этнос)概念及其理论更是绝少问津。在西方“族群” (eth nicgroup)概念和“族群性” (ethnicity)理论大行其道的情势下 ,重视前苏联的民族学理论和当代俄罗斯民族学界对这一问题的继续讨论 ,是发展中国民族学、人类学理论不可忽视的工作。     

汉语“民族”概念的特点与中国民族研究的话语权——兼谈“中华民族”、“中国各民族”与当前流行的“族群”概念

汉语"民族"概念虽然具有含混、模糊的特点,并带来使用和交流的诸多不便,但其内涵的丰富和外延的宽泛,所显示的灵活性和包容性是欧美各国语言的相关术语不能比拟的。它能充分展现不同层次和不同层面的民族共同体的内涵及其相互关系,综合不同阶段不同形态的民族共同体的共性,揭示民族过程的规律与趋向,适应不同学科民族研究的需要。必须坚持中国民族研究的话语权,完善马克思主义民族理论的中国化。"族群"概念的泛化使用会给我国民族研究带来困惑,不赞同用"族群"来取代"民族"。     

民族与族群:是概念的互补还是颠覆?——民族理论前沿研究系列论文之二

中国改革开放以后,我国民族研究界引入了西方ethnic group概念,采用台湾学者翻译为“族群”,并逐渐使用起来.随之,民族与族群概念的争论持续至今,涉及“族群”概念与特征、“族群”与“民族”的关系、“族群”在中国应用中的错位和泛化问题,特别是涉及能否以“族群”替代我国现用的“民族”的问题.这一争论实质上关系到以“族群”理论还是以“民族”理论作为我国民族政策和解决民族问题的制度的理论基础的根本性问题.以“族群”替代“民族”的观点,意在民族问题“去政治化”,改变中国现行的民族方面的制度、政策.     

我国民族学专业教材的创新之作--《中国民族志》评介

在前苏联的民族学理论中,以"民族" (зтнос)概念为核心且涵盖各种"族类共同体"的分类体系形成了一套系统的理论.对这套理论虽然存在着诸多质疑,甚至否定性的批判,但是其影响依然很大.中国民族学界对这套理论的研究不够,特别是西方族群(ethnic group)概念及其相关理论传入后,对前苏联的"民族" (зтнос)概念及其理论更是绝少问津.在西方"族群"(ethnic group)概念和"族群性"(ethnicity)理论大行其道的情势下,重视前苏联的民族学理论和当代俄罗斯民族学界对这一问应的继续讨论,是发展中国民族学、人类学理论不可忽视的工作.     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

Oestrogen Rising 2016: Ireland’s stained and bloodied cloths

A weaver, seamstress, laundress and artist, in this essay I shall spin a yarn, tangle a web, and construct a text(ile) of the inter-weave of narrative and identity that I define as my intellectual, textual, somatic and material/visual practice obsessions. My work explores ‘the places in-between’ in the entanglements of Irish and Northern Irish gender and identity, and in the abject fabrics of death and of desire. As an Irish feminist, sense-making of the complexities, conundrums, challenges and contradictions of my land, my cloth, my body and my culture owes much to Irish women before me who fought for female suffrage, and Irish women now – north and south of the border that divides the island of Ireland – who still struggle for equality of citizenship, social justice, human rights, and full reproductive autonomy. My contention is that when we accept that Ireland herself is a many-layered cloth, a stained and bloodied cloth, a cloth marked irreversibly by history, conflict, denial and abuse, stained by its own repression, marked through denial of all its people’s rights and needs, and bloodied by its greatest export, the haemorrhage of its people, then – polemical, didactic or reflective, with more compassion, empathy, humility and heart – we just might make peace with our past.     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

热贡鲁若中"玛泽"与藏族历史的渊源关系

文章从历史学、宗教学、民俗学等角度,将流行于黄南藏族自治州同仁县隆务河流域的六月会主体节目之一"玛泽"的文化内涵进行了新的探讨,并就"玛泽"节目的历史和宗教渊源关系,民俗形成过程,以及对军事、生产活动中的意义提出了自己的看法.     

Im/possible lives: gender,class, self-fashioning,and affinal solidarity in modern South Asia

Drawing on ethnographic research and employing a micro-historical approach that recognizes not only the transnational but also the culturally specific manifestations of modernity, this article centers on the efforts of a young woman to negotiate shifting and conflicting discourses about what a good life might consist of for a highly educated and high caste Hindu woman living at the margins of a nonetheless globalized world. Newly imaginable worlds in contemporary Mithila, South Asia, structure feeling and action in particularly gendered and classed ways, even as the capacity of individuals to actualize those worlds and the ‘modern’ selves envisioned within them are constrained by both overt and subtle means. In the context of shifting cultural anchors, new practices of silence, literacy, and even behaviors interpreted as ‘mental illness’ may become tactics in an individual's negotiation of conflicting self-representations. The confluence of forces at play in contemporary Mithila, moreover, is creating new structures of feeling that may begin to reverse long-standing locally held assumptions about strong solidarities between natal families and daughters, on the one hand, and weak solidarities between affinal families and new daughters-in-law, on the other.     

Refugees,migrants, neither,both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’

The use of the categories ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ to differentiate between those on the move and the legitimacy, or otherwise, of their claims to international protection has featured strongly during Europe’s ‘migration crisis’ and has been used to justify policies of exclusion and containment. Drawing on interviews with 215 people who crossed the Mediterranean to Greece in 2015, our paper challenges this ‘categorical fetishism’, arguing that the dominant categories fail to capture adequately the complex relationship between political, social and economic drivers of migration or their shifting significance for individuals over time and space. As such it builds upon a substantial body of academic literature demonstrating a disjuncture between conceptual and policy categories and the lived experiences of those on the move. However, the paper is also critical of efforts to foreground or privilege ‘refugees’ over ‘migrants’ arguing that this reinforces rather than challenges the dichotomy’s faulty foundations. Rather those concerned about the use of categories to marginalise and exclude should explicitly engage with the politics of bounding, that is to say, the process by which categories are constructed, the purpose they serve and their consequences, in order to denaturalise their use as a mechanism to distinguish, divide and discriminate.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

伊斯兰学者刘智的"元气"与日本儒者伊藤仁斋的"一元气"思想——朱子学"理"、"气"学说的批判与重构

在"文明间对话"被各国学界极为重视的当代,特别值得关注与研究的是,17-18世纪的回儒学与日本德川儒学之间的具有价值和意义的对话.刘智和伊藤仁斋是同时代不同文化背景的两位思想大师,同时受到朱子学影响,并吸收融合而产生出自己独特的思想体系.本文将探讨这两位思想家对朱子学"理"、"气"思想的重构特色.进一步想说明,不同文化...