风险投资申请项目商业计划书评估模式探讨

本文通过对风险投资公司如何从众多的申请案例中挑选值得进一步接洽和研究的投资项目的分析,探讨了针对风险投资申请项目商业计划书的实用评级办法,最后用信号传递博弈模型讨论了这种信息不对称情况下评估方法的合理性.     

企业专利投资的期权博弈研究——基于不对称双寡头模型的分析

将期权博弈引入到企业专利投资研究中来,基于期权博弈的理论,通过建立不对称双寡头模型来考察两家企业专利投资的最优决策行为,具体研究了两家企业在专利投资方面期权博弈的情况和纳什均衡,并利用数值分析说明纳什均衡的状态,研究结果表明企业在进行专利投资时必须同时考虑不确定性、不可逆性与竞争性的影响,不仅要考虑管理柔性的价值,还要考虑不同市场结构导致的竞争性所带来的战略价值,在这样一个整体框架中去寻找最优的专利投资策略。     

期权博弈理论的方法模型分析与发展

针对传统企业项目投资估价和决策理论方法中存在的问题 ,结合国外最新研究成果 ,对期权定价理论和博弈论在企业项目投资估价和决策中应用的新方法——期权博弈理论方法进行分析研究 ,总结归纳出期权博弈方法的一般化分析框架 ,并对一些典型的模型进行综述 ,提出进一步研究的方向     

基于互联网环境下的企业网络广告投资策略研究

随着网络广告的日益普及,选择投放合适的网络广告已经成为决定广告投放成功的关键,企业在进行网络广告投资决策时,面临着选择投资门户网络广告和长尾网络广告的困境。然而,目前并没有针对投放门户网络广告和长尾网络广告的理论和方法,因此需要投放门户网络广告和长尾网络广告的理论、方法和模型以有效指导企业广告投放的运作管理,为企业创造更高的价值。本文引进柯布-道格拉斯销售函数 S（a,q）=α-βa^-γq^-δ,尝试应用博弈论方法构建基于门户网络广告和长尾网络广告的非合作静态Nash投资模型、合作静态Nash投资模型和Stackelberg主从博弈投资决策模型,并通过模型均衡分析求出广告的投资小收益大的条件。与非合作的纳什均衡情况相比,Stackelberg主从博弈模型中,优先投资的网络广告投资小收益大,次后投资的网络广告投资大收益小。但总的投资和收益关系不确定。同其他三种投资情况相比,基于合作的投资策略比非合作和Stackelberg先后投资策略所获得的收益要大。同时,文中运用一个数值算例进一步验证了结论的有效性。解决了企业面临投资门户网络广告和长尾网络广告决策的困境,研究结论为企业投资网络广告提供理论依据和决策方法。     

跨国公司产权制度安排下的公司治理

公司治理源于产权形态的分离。所有权与经营权分离的程度不仅受企业制度形态的影响,而且受企业规模形态的影响。跨国公司产权关系可视为企业集团产权关系在国外的进一步延伸。产权经营所带来的跨国界投资运作和产权重组形成了不同类型的股权结构,跨国公司在选择时需要考虑历史性的股权结构偏好、交易成本、与东道国讨价还价实力、制度环境及企业成长期等主要因素。控股度选择下的跨国公司治理形成了三种不同的博弈模型。股权变动所引起的控股度变化不仅带来了公司治理绩效相应变化,而且也带来了三种博弈模型的梯度转换。     

基于指派博弈的动态联盟供应链优化调整研究

研究了动态联盟供应链优化调整问题,在三边指派博弈的基础之上建立了多边情形下 指派博弈的多层供应链优化调整方案的求解模型,并证实了该求解模型中合作博弈核心的存 在性. 研究表明:联盟核心企业在内部成员企业意愿支付的基础上指导其合理的安排生产合作 关系,可以使联盟的整体收益得到优化     

从经济学视角看高校非贫困生申请贫困生认定

随着国家对贫困生助学力度的加大,本来有能力完成学业的非贫困生也加入到申请贫困生行列,本文通过构建博弈模型对这种情况进行了研究,进而通过收益函数,对影响非贫困生违规申请的因素进行了剖析,并提出了解决对策。     

基于研发资本存量的企业研发与模仿博弈及其良策

针对企业研发与模仿竞争策略及其选择概率问题,本文在研发资本存量差异的基础上构建了企业研发与模仿博弈模型,给出了博弈的纳什均衡和完全混合纳什均衡,并通过算例分析了局中人博弈良策对主要参数的敏感性。结果表明：降低研发投资所需的工作量后,博弈的纳什均衡为高资本存量企业研发,低资本存量企业模仿或高资本存量企业模仿,低资本存量企业研发的充要条件为研发成本和研发投资所需的工作量的降低程度同时满足一定约束条件;随着低研发资本存量企业销售速度的增大,高研发资本存量企业的良策呈非线性减小趋势,而低资本存量企业的良策呈线性增加趋势。研究结论能为企业研发投资决策提供理论支持,并对企业实施创新发明有指导意义。     

人力资本投资决策的博弈分析

企业进行人力投资会增大企业的人力资源价值。但是由于投资契约的利益取向的差异使得投资过程实质表现为主体双方的博弈，因此对投资过程的博弈分析是投资决策的关键所在。本文首先从人力资本投资主体间的不同利益取向出发，分析管理者和员工之间的利益冲突；然后运用博弈论的原理，构建投资过程博弈模型；最后依据不同的均衡状态，探索博弈模型的具体应用。     

组建横向型企业集团抉择的博弈分析

建立了一个博弈模型,研究横向型企业集团的形成抉择. 在模型中,有三家企业,其中两家生 产同质产品,另一家生产相关产品. 博弈分为两个时期,在第1 时期,生产同质产品的两企业采取战 略:组建集团或不组建集团,在第2 时期,三家企业进行Cournot2Nash 竞争. 文章给出了没有集团形 成时Cournot2Nash 均衡结果,并且研究了替代系数对最优产量的影响;给出了形成集团时Cournot2 Nash 均衡结果;研究了形成横向型企业集团的抉择,并且给出了数字化分析     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.