城市住房的阶层分化：基于CGSS2006调查数据的分析

住房是透视社会贫富差距和阶层分化的重要视角。本文依据2006年CGSS全国调查数据,运用潜类分析方法,从住房条件、住房产权、住房区位三个维度描述并分析了当下中国城市住房资源在阶层间的分化状况。研究表明,在制度变迁背景下,住房资源分配虽然复杂多样,但住房资源的占有及住房区位的分布仍被打上阶层分化的烙印。住房条件、住房产权、住房区位的分化不仅表现在阶层之间,同时也表现在代际之间。     

城市青年住房分层形成机制研究——基于先赋因素和自致因素的分析

住房直接影响人们的生活质量,这已经成为当代青年人最关注的话题,住房资源也被视为社会分层的重要标志。通过计量模型,分析先赋因素和自致因素对城市青年住房分层的影响机制,得到以下结论:(1)总体上,先赋因素对城市青年住房分层的影响大于自致因素,前者发挥的作用不容忽视;(2)先赋因素中,家乡在一般县市的青年、来自北京本地的青年、家庭经济状况好的青年具有明显的住房获得优势;(3)自致因素中,接受高质量的高等教育对青年住房阶层跃升起到了十分重要的作用;(4)两代人的职业对住房分层影响差异体现了时代烙印;(5)社会阶层固化在一定范围内仍然存在,政府为提升社会流动性还需要做很多努力。     

供求结构适配视角下中国住房供应体系研究

在目前中国四层次城镇住房供应体系下,城镇居民的住房支付能力体现出了显著差异:最低收入阶层和低收入阶层在住房市场上根本无法实现经济适用房的住房需求,更不用说普通商品房;高收入群体则对大户型商品房也具备完全的住房支付能力。供求结构失调是问题产生的根源之一。通过构建五层次城镇住房供应体系可以解决居民收入层次与住房供应层次不匹配的问题,即把住房供应体系分为廉租房、公共租赁房、经济适用房、政策性商品房和商品房共五个层次,尽可能覆盖到包括低保困难户和"夹心层"在内的绝大多数城镇居民家庭。在此基础上完善住房市场过滤机制,理顺住房供求结构,实现"低端有保障、中端有支持、高端有市场"的政策目标。     

当前我国公共住房政策在社会分层中的作用

公共住房政策是世界各国普遍推行的一项针对中低收入群体的住房福利政策,它在保障中低收入阶层的居住权发挥着重要的作用。同时,其在社会分层中的作用也存在争议。本文将就这一矛盾的事实进行浅显的探讨。     

从社会学视角探析和谐城市的社会分层——以西安社会分层为例

社会分层是根据经济和社会地位差别的一定标准,把社会成员划分为高低有序的不同等级、不同层次的过程。社会分层的实质是反映社会成员之间的贫富差距状况。西安社会阶层目前已经分化为党政机关和社会管理阶层、经理人员阶层、私营企业主阶层、专业技术人员阶层、办事人员阶层、个体工商户阶层、商业服务员阶层、产业工人阶层、农业劳动者阶层、城市无业、失业、半失业阶层。上述十大社会阶层在全国大城市具有代表性。社会阶层不和谐的主要问题包括:农业劳动者阶层处于明显劣势;产业工人的地位迅速下降;非公有制经济的新社会阶层的地位迅速上升;贫富不均。西安对全国构建和谐社会阶层的启示包括:关键要真正落实市委市政府关于构建和谐社会的实施意见;市委和市政府尽快建立有效协调各阶层利益的经济、政治、文化机制;逐步缩小城乡差距,公民应享受同等国民待遇;就业和再就业应列为"一把手工程";设立"弱势阶层受损补偿准备金";大城市应构建"菱形社会结构",尽快扩大中等收入阶层的比重;大城市应多管齐下,缩小贫富差距;社会保障向弱势阶层倾斜;我们应在所有城市社区居委会和农村社区的村委会设立"民意接待室";新建"和谐社会指标考核体系"。     

阶层归属意识及其成因分析--中国广州市居民的一项调查

对于中国社会分层这一"社会事实",大多数研究者是通过"收入分层","经济分层","政治分层","职业声望分层"乃至"消费分层"等来加以探讨的.无疑,这种用客观社会指标来分析、认识当代中国社会分层结构,是非常必要和重要的,今后它仍然是揭示中国社会分层结构的主要方法和途径.但是,我们还应看到,社会分层不单是一种社会事实,而且还是一种心理事实.也就是说,社会分层不但可以通过社会指标,例如,收入、财富、权力、声望、教育机会等来加以客观评价,还可以通过自我认定,进行主观评价,这也就是本文所讲的"阶层归属意识".具体来说,表现为在社会分层结构中,本人所做出的阶层归属的主观认定,是归属于上层,中上层,中层还是中下层,下层等.显然,一方面它反映了社会存在,反映了用不同社会指标或综合社会指标来进行社会分层的这一社会事实;另一方面,这种阶层归属意识的本身又是相对独立的存在--心理存在.从现实上看,客观的社会分层与带主观色彩的阶层归属意识难免会有不一致,不重叠之处,尽管如此,阶层归属意识本质上仍是一种社会存在,是现实社会分层结构的反射物.基于这种认识,本文试图从阶层归属意识的角度,并根据1999年对广州市居民的有关调查,来分析中国城市的社会分层结构问题.     

城市老人住房状况及其满意度研究——以北京市海淀区为例

目前城市老年人住房状况良好,绝大部分老人住在自己产权住房中,人均居住面积较大,住房较新,多住在低层。但住房困难户也不容忽视,具体体现在年龄、婚姻、受教育程度和经济状况等方面,如高龄老人、丧偶老人、受教育程度低老人和经济状况较差的老人居住条件较差,多住在租房中,住房比较旧。老年人对目前住房条件感到满意的比例并不高,除个体因素外,住房状况对老年人住房评价有重要影响。     

代际流动与外群体歧视——基于2005年全国综合社会调查数据的实证分析

本文基于CGSS2005的调查数据,以对角线参照模型为分析工具,考察了阶层代际流动对城市居民歧视性态度的影响。研究发现,在工作歧视和邻里居住歧视上,代际流动本身能够产生独立于流动者出身阶层与现处阶层的影响;随着年龄的增长,相对于出身阶层,流动者现处阶层对其歧视态度影响程度明显增强;进入社会歧视氛围更低的阶层能够显著降低流动者的歧视态度;相比向上流动,地位下降者对外来人口的歧视程度更高。研究指出,分层与流动研究不仅要考察客观社会结构及其开放状况,也要重视分层及流动对个体行为与态度所带来的主观层面影响。     

社会分层结构的变革：从“决定性”到“交易性”

改革开放30年来,无论是在社会上还是在学术研究中,尽管在有关社会分层的几乎所有方面人们的看法都存在分歧,但有一点是共同的,即在这30年中,中国社会的分层结构发生了巨大变革.在社会分层研究的三个主要领域中(阶层结构、社会不平等和社会流动),本文将主要关注阶层结构的变革.在一定意义上,社会不平等与社会流动都可以从阶层结构的视角上得到解释.     

城市化背景下日本住房问题和政策干预

解决城市住房问题,是现代化的重要挑战。对城市化背景下日本住房问题和政策干预演进的考察表明,日本早期城市化阶段属于“住房卫生政策时代”,城市住房问题开始发韧,卫生问题尤其严重;中期城市化阶段属于“住房公共政策时代”,城市规划和基础设施取得较大进步,住房问题总体维持、但又有所改善;晚期城市化阶段属于“住房社会政策时代”,由于强有力的住房社会政策,日本最终基本上解决了城市住房问题,虽然迄今它也面临与其政策模式相关的一些不足。日本个案表明,城市化既带来城市住房问题又推动其解决,并且住房政策干预形成了对社会文化因素的嵌入,因而同时支持了“趋同论”和“求异论”观点。日本经验对当前中国有正反两方面的启示。     

地理空间与住房不平等:基于CFPS2016的经验分析

与关注中国城镇住房制度改革中的体制性因素和市场能力因素对住房不平等的影响，以及着重以个体的劳动力市场处境予以解释的观点不同，本文认为，居住有很强的空间粘滞性，地理空间差异同样是理解住房不平等问题不可忽视的结构性因素。对2016年“中国家庭追踪调查”（CFPS）数据的分析发现，居民家庭房产的地区差异具有高度的统计显著性。基尼系数按地理空间分解后显示，相对于家庭收入或家庭人均收入的地理空间差异而言，家庭住房资产的地理空间差异更为突出；运用赫克曼两步回归法分析资料发现，地理空间因素不仅影响产权住房的获得，对房产产值的效应也具有高度的统计显著性。这些发现都支持了我们的基本论点：地理空间差异不只是住房不平等的外在表现，而是导致住房不平等的不可忽视的因素。关注地理空间这一结构情境对个体行为的影响及其社会不平等后果不仅有现实的政策意义，也有助于拓展当代中国社会分层研究的视角。     

Housing policy and asset building: exploring the role of home ownership in East Asian social policy

Western societies promote home ownership in the belief that it provides a means to build up individual welfare and security, potentially offsetting the inadequacy of social security to meet needs in retirement. Some East Asian economies have long focused on advancing ‘asset building’ through housing policy. These efforts have two purposes: to use housing investment to drive economic development and to build family assets throughout life as a component of income protection for old age. These purposes work well in some countries but not as well in others. In policy terms, the common element among them is that governments promote home ownership as a component of social policy or as a complement to mainstream welfare. This article examines how home ownership fares as a form of asset-based welfare in selected East Asian countries (Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan) and considers the implications for understanding the role of institutions in development.     

The Effects of Housing Costs on Nursing Home Diversion

Abstract

This article examines the effect of the housing market on nursing home diversion and/or transition. Prior evaluations of federally funded diversion/transition efforts indicate that lack of housing may be a significant impediment to diversion policy efforts. We test this charge by examining the transition rates in all 351 municipalities in Massachusetts, using a data set of over 15,000 individuals seeking to remain or transition home between 2010 and 2014 through Massachusetts' Options Counseling program and their relation to key indicators of housing quality and affordability, including housing burden, crowding, and incomplete kitchen and plumbing facilities. We also control for demographic indicators identified in previous findings, which are age, level of frailty, and whether seniors live alone. We do not find a significant relationship between housing affordability or quality and successful nursing home diversion. This fact suggests that consumers are not as sensitive to housing costs and conditions as previously expected. Future research should continue to investigate the economic and social conditions behind this fact in the context of home value appreciation, incidence of home ownership, and the ability of seniors to offset nursing home costs through accumulated home equity.     

Home‐ownership,housing regimes and income inequalities in Western Europe

Norris M, Winston N. Home‐ownership, housing regimes and income inequalities in Western Europe This article compares the structural features of home‐ownership systems in European Union 15 (EU15) countries (home‐ownership rates, mortgages and public subsidisation of this tenure) with data on inequalities in outcomes (variations in home‐ownership access, risks and standards between income groups). Its purpose was to assess the relevance of the debate on the convergence and divergence of housing systems, which has dominated the comparative housing literature. The article concludes that, depending on the level of analysis adopted and the particular variables selected for examination, elements of both convergence and divergence are evident in Western European home‐ownership systems. The comparative housing literature has also largely failed to capture the key inter‐country cleavages in home‐ownership systems that are between the Northern and Southern EU15 countries. These shortcomings are related to methodological and conceptual problems in the literature.     

生命历程视角的城市居民二套房获得

本文从生命历程理论视角研究住房市场化背景下宏观和微观因素对城市居民二套房获得的影响,提出了“世代机遇论”“购房时机说”“精英优势论”“家庭禀赋说”和“理性选择说”等命题,并依据2010年广州市千户问卷调查数据,运用离散时间事件史模型进行验证。研究发现,在二套房获得上,世代和单位因素影响减弱,职业地位和家庭因素影响增强,经济管理精英、专业精英,以及家庭经济能力强、家庭资助或在房改结束前获得首套房的居民具有优势,房价上涨在一定程度上促进了二套房的购买。本文认为,早期市场化改革为不同阶层提供了住房机遇,但再分配和市场导致的住房不平等在住房市场化过程中相互强化,未来住房改革的重点在于避免住房贫富分化加剧。     

Taiwanese Housing Policy Shifting the Focus of Housing Policy under a Democratic Regime

In Taiwan, home ownership has been seen as a privilege of military and civil officers since the R.O.C. government moved to Taiwan in 1949. Taiwan has become a more democratic regime since martial law was repealed in 1987 and presidential election by popular votes was initiated in 1996. Using documentary data, this paper aims to relate the transition in housing policy to Taiwan's political transition from authoritarianism to democracy. We found that after the lifting of martial law, a growing number of social movements were triggered in response to political democratization. Since then, concerns and debates have started on how to revise the housing legislation to promote the welfare and social inclusion of vulnerable groups. A new housing policy that was influenced by the advocacy efforts of an action group was developed in May 2005 to meet social needs and achieve social equity.     

市场化转型下的住房不平等——基于CGSS2006调查数据

基于CGSS2006调查数据,运用多层线性模型分析方法,揭示了市场化改革对住房不平等程度,以及住房资源分配机制的影响作用。研究表明,在地区层面,地区市场化的推进虽然有效提高居民的住房水平,但在一定时期内也拉大住房资源分配的贫富差距,地区市场化水平与住房不平等程度之间存在倒“U”型曲线关系;在个体层面,体制内外职工的住房差异已不显著,但政治精英在住房资源的占有上更具优势。     

Citizenship,Civic Engagement and Property Ownership

In this paper we examine the relationship between citizenship, civic engagement and property ownership in Australia. We draw upon nationally representative survey data to examine this relationship by focusing upon empirically accessible issues. We examine the civic implications of different housing tenures, or what Troy (2000) refers to as the level of ‘citizen competence‘, and the tension between (private) ownership and (public) engagement in terms of membership and participation in a range of clubs and organisations. Lower levels of participation in charitable organisations among mortgage holders compared to people in other housing tenures questions the link between home buying (that is equated with private ownership), and a strengthening of community life. However, low participation rates in a clubs and organisations by public tenants, indicates that levels of social exclusion are higher in ‘residual’ public housing communities.     

购房：制度变迁下的住房分层与自我选择性流动

本文基于2010年广州市的千户问卷调查数据,利用内生转换回归模型,发现了住房市场化改革过程中住房分层机制中的自我选择性：在1998年前的体制内,能力强的人倾向于不购房,而在1998年前的体制外和1998年以后,能力强的人倾向于购房。在1998年前的体制内,不购房者如果购房,其住房等级会下降;购房者如果不购房,其住房等级会上升。在1998年前体制外和1998年后,那些人力资本或政治资本高的居民实际购房时,其住房等级会更高;购房者如果不购房,其住房等级会下降。由此可知,权力机制与市场机制是影响住房分层的结构因素,政治资本或人力资本的高低是住房分层的必要条件,而非充分条件。“政治资本或人力资本高的居民住房等级也高”的论断从某种意义上忽视了居民的自我选择过程。