高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置效率及影响因素研究——基于两阶段StoNED和Tobit模型的实证分析

新常态下，高端装备制造业在推动国民经济稳定增长、加快传统工业转型升级、提升产业链核心竞争力的过程中，先导性和战略性作用日益凸出，但其技术创新资源配置的合理性和有效性却成为产业持续发展的主要瓶颈。本文从投入产出角度出发，基于价值链理论，将技术创新活动分为技术研发和技术转化两个阶段，并构建两阶段StoNED模型，采用2011-2014年的行业面板数据作为样本数据，对高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置效率进行测度和比较；以产业组织为视角，利用Tobit模型分析影响效率的关键因素。实证研究表明，我国高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置的整体和阶段效率在子行业间存在不同程度的波动和差异，技术研发阶段效率偏低制约着整体效率的最优化；甄别影响因素发现，企业规模对技术研发阶段效率具有负向作用，对整体和技术转化阶段效率具有正向作用；市场垄断不利于整体和技术转化阶段效率的提升；政府支持对整体和两阶段效率均具有负面影响。在此基础上，进一步提出应对产业技术创新资源配置现状的对策建议。     

中国高技术产业创新效率研究--外资“溢出效应假说”再检验

文章测算了中国高技术产业13个行业的创新效率动态趋势及其贡献源泉。中国高技术产业创新效率呈波动增长趋势,增长主要来源是技术进步;内资企业的创新效率在增长幅度、行业范围明显高于外资企业;现阶段外资企业不是驱动中国高技术产业整体创新效率提升的主要因素。     

政府R&D补贴对国家及区域自主创新产出影响绩效研究——基于中国28个省域面板数据的实证分析

本文基于国家和区域自主创新投入产出的视角实证考察了政府R&D补贴投入对我国自主创新产出的影响绩效。研究结论表明:(1)我国政府创新R&D补贴投入政策对提高国家及区域自主创新产出有十分显著的影响,且通过对专利产出与高技术产业增加值创新产出指标弹性系数比较分析,发现我国对专利产出R&D投入为规模报酬递减,对高技术产业增加值为规模报酬递增;(2)我国政府创新R&D补贴投入对经济相对发达地区和科研基础较好地区(如湖北高校、科研院所较多)自主创新产出影响的弹性系数整体上明显大于经济相对落后地区。这说明我国政府R&D补贴投入对经济相对发达地区和科研基础较好地区自主创新产出影响绩效要高于经济相对落后地区,其中我国上海、北京、江苏、浙江、广东、山东和湖北等地创新绩效较高。山西、新疆、甘肃、青海、广西和四川等地创新绩效较低。     

中国高技术产业创新效率及其影响因素研究

从价值链的角度出发,构建规模报酬可变情形下的两阶段链式关联DEA模型,对2005年至2009年中国28个省份高技术产业创新整体效率和两阶段效率进行实证分析,探索两阶段间的关联有效程度,并给出创新资源利用方式的4种模式,然后利用Tobit模型检验创新效率的影响因素。研究表明,考察期内中国高技术产业整体效率和分阶段效率偏低,且呈现U型变化趋势,资源利用模式主要为低研发低转化型;企业规模、滞后期效率值等对知识创新效率影响显著,劳动者素质、产业结构等对科技成果商业化效率的作用明显,政府支持、金融环境等对技术创新的整体效率有较为显著的影响;最后提出进一步提高职业高等教育水平、开展产学研合作机制、营造良好金融环境、完善知识产权法律等政策建议。     

基于Malmquist生产率指数的R&D投入对制造业影响评价

首先运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数对中国制造业各行业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步进行了测算,发现产业的技术密集度越高,技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率指数增长越高.然后对具有较高R&D密集度的高技术产业,考察各种不同R&D活动的作用,发现企业内部R&D主要通过提高技术进步、公共R&D主要通过推进技术进步对高技术产业要素生产率的提高产生显著影响,外资活动仅对技术效率的增长产生影响,未能产生明显的技术扩散效应.     

我国高技术产业技术密集度低

高技术产业是技术密集型产业,研究开发活动在高技术产业中尤为重要.为了争夺国际竞争的制高点,许多国家的政府在高技术的研发上投入大量经费,企业也纷纷加大高技术的研究开发投入力度.     

基于Malmquist生产率指数的R＆D投入对制造业影响评价

首先运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数对中国制造业各行业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步进行了测算,发现产业的技术密集度越高,技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率指数增长越高.然后对具有较高R&D密集度的高技术产业,考察各种不同R&D活动的作用,发现企业内部R&D主要通过提高技术进步、公共R&D主要通过推进技术进步对高技术产业要素生产率的提高产生显著影响,外资活动仅对技术效率的增长产生影响,未能产生明显的技术扩散效应.     

嵌套并联结构两阶段DEA下科技创新效率测度与分解

目前有许多研究将两阶段DEA模型应用到科技创新活动当中，一般将创新活动分为研发和转化两个阶段，为了进一步探讨不同转移转化方式下科技成果的转化效率以获得更多的详细信息，本文拓展了传统的两阶段DEA模型，考虑了嵌套并联结构的两阶段网络DEA模型，将科技创新活动分为科技成果研发阶段和科技成果转化阶段，并将科技成果转化阶段分为内部转化和外部转化两个并联子系统。本文选取14家中科院院属单位作为被评价对象，应用加权加法分解方法计算整体效率和各阶段子效率。通过将本文模型与传统两阶段模型进行对比发现，传统模型会低估科技成果转化效率。结果表明：整体科技创新效率均值偏低，科技成果研发效率均值高于科技成果转化效率均值，科技成果转化效率仍有很大的提升空间。科技成果转化阶段中内部转化效率普遍较高但是外部转化效率普遍较低，较低的外部转化效率是导致科技成果转化效率低下的主要原因。最后，本文将所有被评价单位分为四类机构，分析提高科技创新效率的实现路径，可以通过重点突破模式和渐进突破模式来实现整体效率的提高。     

异质性产业集聚、创新网络与绿色经济效率——来自高技术产业集聚的经验证据

以2004-2020年中国30个省级数据为样本，探讨专业化与多样化两种异质性高技术产业集聚模式对绿色经济效率的差异性影响，以及创新网络对该影响效应的调节作用。研究发现：高技术产业的专业化集聚对绿色经济效率存在倒“U”型影响，多样化集聚对绿色经济效率存在正“U”型影响；创新网络强化了高技术产业多样化集聚与绿色经济效率的作用关系。基于以上研究结果，各省市需因地制宜选择高技术产业集聚模式，同时充分发挥创新网络与高技术产业多样化集聚的协同作用，培育和释放创新网络在绿色经济效率提升过程中的动能。     

我国不同性质企业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究:基于两阶段价值链的视角

本文从价值链角度出发,构建关联型两阶段DEA模型,测度和比较2005-2010年中国不同性质工业企业、内资等3类企业的科技研发和成果转化效率及差异,给出创新资源利用的4种模式,并利用Tobit模型检验了效率的影响因素。研究表明:(1)考察期内工业企业创新整体效率均值为0.694,科技研发和成果转化阶段效率偏低成为制约效率提升的共同因素。(2)中国内资、港澳台商投资企业和外商投资企业创新效率依次递增,效率差异明显。国有或国有控股企业由于创新剩余控制权和索取权的分离,缺乏有效的创新激励和监督。而外资企业利用母国技术、品牌等优势,在科技成果转化领域较为成功。属于高研发高转化的企业仅占33.3%,主要来自港澳台商和外资企业。(3)企业规模的壮大有利于科技研发效率的提升,而科学家和工程师数与科技研发效率负相关。企业规模对科技成果转化效率和整体效率具有显著正向影响,政府支持和金融支持则对二者有明显负作用。最后,给出了一些政策建议。     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.