公司传闻、澄清公告与知情交易——来自我国卖空交易的证据

文章以2010年4月至2018年3月中国A股融券标的公司为样本,从公司传闻与澄清公告的视角出发,对卖空与知情交易问题进行了考察.结果显示:首先,股票收益率在公司传闻发布前存在异动,说明传闻信息在正式发布前就已泄露,股票市场中存在知情交易者.其次,公司传闻发布前的异常卖空量与发布后的股票收益率显著负相关,说明卖空者能够预知公司传闻的发布时间和内容,是知情交易者.第三,良好的澄清公告效果能够削弱传闻发布前异常卖空对于传闻信息的反应,说明卖空者能够在一定程度上预判澄清效果,进一步支持了“卖空者是知情交易者”的推断.进一步研究表明,卖空者能够分辨传闻真伪,且私有信息挖掘是其重要的信息来源.本文从中国融券卖空实践出发,为“卖空者是否为知情交易者”这一争论提供了新的经验证据,同时对卖空机制与信息披露机制完善、公司传闻治理以及新闻媒体监管具有重要的现实意义.     

一个股价波动理论研究的新见解:基于异质情绪交易视角

传统金融理论中理性人假设并不能有效解释我国股票市场现象。国内学者基于行为金融理论,考虑投资者行为对股票市场的影响,但理论分析不足且鲜有聚焦于异质交易者情绪交易行为。因此本文从投资者情绪异质视角,把股票市场投资者划分为乐观交易者与悲观交易者,建立数学模型从理论上推导乐观情绪投资者、悲观情绪投资者与异质交易者结构对股票波动的交互影响机理。研究结果表明:乐观交易者占比较小的情况下,随着悲观情绪的缓和,乐观情绪对股价波动的效应是倒U形曲线;而随着乐观情绪的高涨,悲观情绪的缓和对股价波动同样呈倒U形。当乐观交易者占比很高时,乐观交易者情绪高涨与悲观情绪缓和均会助推股价波动。从异质交易者结构来看,乐观交易者占比对股价波动影响效应为正U形曲线,而更高水平的乐观情绪与更低水平的悲观情绪会提前其效应的反转。本文的研究结果较好地解释了牛熊市、虚假信息披露与宏观调控政策低效等事实的存在逻辑,为优化交易者结构,改善信息披露质量,进而防范股票市场系统性风险提供了理论依据。     

基于计算实验的卖空交易对股票市场的影响研究

采用计算实验的方法研究卖空机制的引入对股票市场的影响。构建双向连续竞价的人工股票市场平台,设定投资者依据价值因素、价格趋势因素和噪声因素预估股票收益,建立市场卖空交易机制及投资者在禁止卖空和允许卖空情形下的交易模型,对引入卖空机制前后以及不同保证金要求下的股票价格、波动性和流动性进行研究。研究结果表明,卖空交易具有高卖空低买回的特点,从而在下跌的市场中提升股价,在上涨的市场中抑制股价,并有效地降低市场波动,提高市场流动性。随着保证金比例的减小,市场波动和买卖价差先减小后增加,而市场深度一直增加;通过对订单簿的研究发现,过低的保证金会加剧买卖订单的不平衡,甚至出现流动性“枯竭”,说明流动性先增加后减小;保证金比例的进一步减小会导致市场崩溃;过高的杠杆比率反而会对市场质量造成损害。     

股票分析师的羊群行为对公司股价同步性的影响分析

股价"同涨同跌"是我国股票市场的一种重要现象。多股集体"暴跌"会给公司和投资者造成严重的损失,因而股价同步性的问题受到监管者和学术界的广泛关注。本文以2010-2017年股票分析师对上市公司做出的预测为主要研究对象,验证了股票分析师的羊群行为与公司股价同步性间的关系,讨论了机构投资者和市场情绪的作用机制。实证结果表明我国股票分析师的羊群行为是"非信息驱动"的真羊群行为,这种行为降低了市场上的特质信息含量,从而增加了公司的股价同步性。上述关系在熊市中更为显著,并且分析师与机构投资者之间的利益冲突会加剧其羊群行为对股价同步性的影响。本文的研究对理解如何降低股价崩盘风险、提高我国股票市场的信息传递效率具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。     

融券卖空与股价崩盘风险——基于中国股票市场的经验证据

本文考察了我国卖空交易对股价崩盘风险的影响,并对其作用机理进行了分析。研究发现:卖空交易有助于降低股价崩盘风险,且通过工具变量法及考虑外生事件冲击等方法控制了内生性等问题之后,结论依然稳健。同时,在信息透明度较低、公司治理及外部监督机制较差的情况下,卖空交易对股价崩盘风险的影响更为显著,表明卖空交易通过提升公司信息透明度和改善公司治理,从而降低了股价崩盘风险。进一步研究发现,在牛市中卖空交易很好地起到了负面信息挖掘的功能,降低了上市公司的股价崩盘风险,但却并未进一步加剧恶化较差市场行情下的股价崩盘风险;融资买空显著提高了上市公司的股价崩盘风险。本文为我国卖空实践的市场风险分析提供了新的视角。     

空气质量、投资者情绪与股票收益率

  环境因素对股票市场的影响一直是行为金融学探讨的热点话题，行为金融学理论认为股票价格除了受其基本面影响外，投资者情绪也是一个很重要的影响因素。而大量的心理学研究证实，环境的确会影响人们的情绪。当人们暴露在受到污染的环境中，会产生明显的沮丧、焦虑等负面情绪。近年来，已有研究探讨空气污染对股市收益率的影响，但空气污染如何影响股票回报的具体机制却鲜有涉及。         采用2014年至2015年环保部发布的全国252个城市的空气质量指数和股票日收益率数据，构建分城市的股票组合。利用空气质量作为外生的环境变量，通过分城市检验、面板回归和蒙特卡洛模拟等方法，从投资者情绪的视角研究空气质量与股票回报的关系，并进一步从增加悲观情绪和降低交易意愿两个角度对空气质量影响股票回报的机制进行探讨。         研究结果表明，平均来看，空气质量越差的城市，股票收益率越低，该结果在控制季节因素、公司特征和城市固定效应后依然成立。进一步研究发现，空气质量越差，股票组合的换手率越低，流动性也越低，说明空气质量通过降低本地投资者交易意愿而不是增加其悲观情绪影响股票价格。空气质量影响投资情绪的渠道确实存在，当投资者暴露在污染的环境中时，会因为产生负面情绪而使交易意愿降低，从而损害股票的流动性。         研究充分控制城市固定效应，更好地解决内生性问题。研究结果为投资者的非理性投资行为提供支持，环境的因素往往也对投资者的交易产生影响，因此环境也可以作为资产价格的一个因子发挥作用，这对投资者构建交易策略具有启发意义。     

无消息即坏消息: 中国股市的信息不对称

提出了一个扩展的知情交易概率指标(APIN)并证明了其相对于PIN在中国股市上具有更好的信息不对称测度效力.在内幕交易监管存在较大完善空间、并存在较高卖空限制的转型股市中,信息获取会成为股票交易获利的决定性因素.此时,一方面,当投资者无消息时,会认为自己在博弈中处于劣势地位,此时"无消息即坏消息".投资者在这种情况下会更倾向于卖出股票避免损失.另一方面,"无消息即坏消息"下规避性投资者卖出股票占总卖出股票的比重会随着信息不对称程度的增加而增加,作为"无消息"投资者,这类投资者会比真正"坏消息"下的卖出者要求更高的卖价,所以其卖出增加会减小买卖价差.这会导致股市信息不对称指标(APIN)与买卖价差间呈现显著负相关性,并使得PIN对信息不对称的度量容易出现偏差(低估偏差大于高估偏差).总之,APIN可以刻画"无消息即坏消息"下的交易情形,比PIN更精准地度量了中国股市的信息不对称情况.     

价格时滞、投机性需求与股票收益

本文旨在借助Hou和Moskovitz(2005)提出的反映市场摩擦的综合指标——价格时滞,考察不同市场摩擦对A股市场股票收益的影响特征及内在机理。研究发现,价格时滞越严重的股票未来收益越低,套利组合的收益高达每月1.36%。这不仅与美国股票市场的证据不同,而且难以被经典理论解释。本文从投机性需求角度对此提出了一种新的解释。价格时滞表明投资者对公共信息反应不足、过度依赖私有信息交易,这一行为会加剧投资者对股票估值的意见分歧,刺激投机性需求,放大股票中转售期权的价值,从而导致股价被高估。接着,本文证实价格时滞严重的股票具有较强的投机性特征,价格时滞对未来收益的预测性也主要源自股票的投机性特征。本文的研究表明,与美国市场不同,在中国股票市场,与投机性需求相关的市场摩擦对股票收益的影响要远大于与流动性、投资者认可度相关的市场摩擦。     

股票流动性、股价信息含量与企业投资决策

市场微观结构和公司财务学的交叉研究是当前的研究热点,以2001年～2007年仅发行A股的非金融类上市公司平衡面板数据为样本,采用高频数据构造相对有效价差和相对报价价差衡量股票流动性,考察股票流动性、股价信息含量与公司投资决策之间的关系。研究结果表明,股票流动性与股价信息含量呈倒U型关系,但是股票信息含量的大小并没有影响到投资和股价之间的敏感性,说明市场上的投资者可能更多的是挖掘管理者已有但没有披露出来的私有信息,而不是管理者没有的私有信息,因而管理者并不需要据此进行投资决策。此外,股票流动性与企业投资水平正相关,意味着股票流动性通过扩展企业的投资机会集而影响企业的投资行为。使用不同的代理变量进行稳健性检验均没有改变研究结论。     

基于异质性投资者的动态情绪资产定价

沿用基于消费的资产定价模型设定,将行为金融领域中离散时间框架下的情绪资产定价模型拓展到连续时间框架下,把异质性纳入Lucas纯交换经济体,构建了一个含有异质性投资者的动态情绪资产定价模型,并使用中央计划者问题求解出异质均衡.通过加入投资者情绪因子,本文得到情绪投资者的主观股利增长率,并将其用于动态异质情绪资产定价模型的框架中,以此刻画理性投资者和情绪投资者的异质性,研究结果表明投资者情绪是影响收益的重要因子.数值算例与敏感性分析表明投资者关于股利信息的错误预期将会导致横截面股价漂移率增大.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.