双因子随机条件极差模型及其实证研究

对波动率的建模和估计传统上主要基于由收盘价计算得到的收益率信息,而基于包含更多日内价格变动信息的价格极差对波动率的研究却相对较少.对经典的针对价格极差动态性建模的条件自回归极差(CARR)模型进行扩展,借鉴随机波动率(SV)模型的建模思路,同时考虑波动率的长记忆特征,引入Gamma分布刻画价格极差新息的分布,构建了双因子随机条件极差(2FSCR)模型来描述价格极差的动态性.进一步,基于连续粒子滤波算法,给出了2FSCR模型参数的极大似然估计方法,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟实验表明了该估计方法的有效性.采用上证综合指数(SSE)、深证成份指数(SZSE)、香港恒生指数(HSI)和美国标普500指数(SPX)数据进行了实证研究,结果表明:2FSCR模型相比CARR模型以及单因子的SCR模型都具有更好的数据拟合效果.进一步的模型诊断分析表明,2FSCR模型相比CARR模型和SCR模型能够更好地刻画价格极差新息的尾部分布,能够更充分地捕获波动率的动态特征(时变性、聚集性与长记忆性).采用滚动窗方法对波动率进行预测,利用价格极差与已实现波动率作为比较基准对模型的预测能力进行了比较分析,结果表明:2FSCR模型相比CARR模型和SCR模型都具有更为优越的波动率预测效果.     

中国股票市场的时变杠杆效应研究——基于随机Copula模型的实证分析

构建随机Copula模型研究了中国股票市场在极端市场条件下的时变杠杆效应.为了解决金融市场中波动率不可直接观测的问题,采用已实现波动率测度作为隐波动率的代理变量,进而运用基于有效重要性抽样的极大似然(EIS-ML)方法估计了随机Copula模型的参数.基于沪深股市数据的实证研究表明:中国股票市场的杠杆效应具有非对称特征,即股市低收益率伴随高波动率,但股市高收益率不一定伴随低波动率;中国股票市场的杠杆效应存在显著的时变性,沪深股市杠杆效应表现出类似的变化趋势;随机Copula模型相比其它Copula模型(静态Copula模型和时变Copula模型)具有更好的数据拟合效果.     

基于期权与高频数据信息的VaR度量研究

传统的市场风险度量模型没有充分利用期权与高频数据包含的信息,且主要基于单因子波动率模型,导致信息的损失以及模型缺乏足够的灵活性.本文基于灵活的双因子随机波动率模型,通过提取期权与高频数据包含的市场前瞻与当前信息,构建相应的市场风险度量波动率模型对在险值（VaR）进行度量.为了估计模型参数,建立基于连续粒子滤波的极大似然估计方法.采用iVX指数与已实现波动率测度（RV）作为上证50ETF期权与高频数据信息的代理,对构建的市场风险度量波动率模型进行了实证检验,结果表明：充分利用了期权与高频数据信息的双因子随机波动率模型能够在快速变化的市场环境中更好地估计波动率,相比其它波动率模型（仅利用了历史数据信息的GARCH模型、利用了高频数据信息的已实现GARCH模型以及利用了期权与高频数据信息的单因子随机波动率模型）具有更为优越的VaR度量精确性,尤其是极端风险情形下的VaR估计精确性改进明显,凸显了期权与高频数据信息以及双因子波动率在市场风险管理中的价值.     

基于价格极差的金融波动率建模： 理论与实证分析

经典的波动率模型(GARCH等)是收益率为基础的模型,利用的是收盘价信息,忽略了价格波动的日内信息,这将导致信息与效率的损失.为了弥补这一缺陷并获得满意的波动率预测效果,本文引入并扩展了基于价格极差的自回归波动率模型.实证研究表明新模型能够有效刻画波动率的动态变化规律,其预测效果一致性地优于经典的GARCH模型.同时,我们的研究还证实了在波动率模型中加入收益率的滞后项能够提高模型的解释能力,并且存在明显的"杠杆效应".     

高频视角下股市波动预测的新方法: HAＲFIMA 模型

异质自回归(heterogeneous autoregressive,HAＲ) 及其拓展模型(统称为 HAＲ-类模型) 能够刻画不同类型(期限) 交易者的异质性对金融市场未来价格波动的“贡献”程度,在实证研究中备受推崇,并在预测金融市场波动率中取得了较好的效果． 研究发现,HAＲ-类模型虽然能够在一定程度上刻画金融市场中非常重要的长记忆特征,但刻画能力明显比自回归分整移动平均(AＲFIMA) 模型差． HAＲ-类模型的主要优势在于对异质性的刻画,而 AＲFIMA 模型的主要优势在于对长记忆性的准确刻画． 因此,基于这两个模型各自的优势提出了新的模型: 异质自回归分整移动平均(HAＲFIMA) 模型,并对新模型进行了拓展建模,提出 HAＲFIMA-类模型． 将 HAＲFIMA-类模型运用于对标普 500 和上证综指的已实现波动率(ＲV) 的建模和预测发现, HAＲFIMA-类模型能够更加准确地刻画金融市场的长记忆性,更重要的是样本外的预测能力明显优于其他模型,并且预测结果相当稳健．     

基于 EIS 的杠杆随机波动率模型的极大似然估计

杠杆随机波动率( SV-L) 模型在金融计量学文献中已经引起了广泛的关注,然而,它的参数估计一直是一个难点． 本文基于有效重要性抽样( EIS) 技巧,给出了 SV-L 模型的极大似然( ML) 估计方法． 为了检验提出的 EIS-ML 方法的精确性以及小样本性质,构建了蒙特卡罗( MC) 模拟实验． 结果表明,EIS-ML 方法是非常准确和有效的． 最后,将 EIS-ML 方法应用于实际数据,选取上证和深证综合指数的日对数收益率数据为研究样本,利用 SV-L 模型对中国股市进行了实证分析． 结果表明,中     

基于无损卡尔曼滤波的HJM模型及实证研究

在多因子HJM框架下,将一类具有特定波动率结构设定的非马尔可夫远期利率模型转化为马尔可夫模型,并将其表示成状态空间模型形式.进一步,引入基于无损卡尔曼滤波的极大似然估计法对HJM模型进行估计,解决了模型非线性和潜在状态变量的问题.实证研究中,基于上海银行间同业拆放利率(SHIBOR)期限结构的实际动态特性,对HJM模型的波动率结构进行相应的设定,并引入随机市场风险价格,构建了SHIBOR期限结构的三因子HJM模型.结果表明,三因子HJM模型可以很好的刻画SHIBOR期限结构的动态特性和波动率结构,水平因子和斜率因子是驱动SHIBOR利率系统的主要因素.     

基于状态空间的贝叶斯跳跃厚尾金融随机波动模型研究

针对金融市场中跳跃特征的刻画问题,提出了贝叶斯跳跃厚尾随机波动模型。通过随机波动模型的结构分析和状态空间转换,设计了模型参数估计的MCMC算法,利用Kalman滤波和高斯模拟平滑方法估计模型的潜在波动,运用贝叶斯因子对随机波动类模型进行比较分析,并利用中国和美国的股市收益数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明:在刻画中、美两国股票市场的波动特征方面,跳跃厚尾随机波动模型要明显优于厚尾随机波动模型和标准随机波动模型,并且金融危机背景下的中国和美国股票市场都具有明显的波动持续性以及跳跃特征。     

基于日度低频价格的波动率预测

利用作者提出的GARCH-X的框架,将以往文献中提出的各种基于金融资产的最高、最低、开盘和收盘等低频价格信息的波动率静态估计,统一地扩展成对波动率的动态预测模型.通过对上证指数近十几年数据的实证分析,并借助于对波动率的高频估计和预测评估的一些最新研究成果,本文揭示出合理地利用价格极差及开盘价的信息可以显著地提高对波动率及风险价值的预测能力.     

一类高新技术企业专利权价值的实物期权评估方法——基于跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权的建模与模拟

由于经典的Black-Scholes期权定价模型的假设忽略了突发事件对资产价格的影响和"波动率微笑"对期权价值的影响而与实际情形往往存在偏差,因此学者们对Black-Scholes模型的改进则主要分别集中在带跳扩散过程的期权定价模型与具随机波动率的期权定价模型等两个方面,然而却少见将这两种模型结合起来的研究。本文首先在带跳扩散过程的期权定价模型与具随机波动率的期权定价模型的研究工作的基础上,建立了一种同时带跳扩散过程和具随机波动率的美式期权定价模型,并通过伊藤引理推导出了资产价格、随机波动率和期权满足的偏微分方程;然后,利用特征函数法和傅里叶变换导出了资产价格的随机分布,进而通过马尔科夫链方法给出了基于跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权的数值解;最后,运用已建立的带跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权定价模型对高新技术企业项目投资的专利权价值进行实物期权定价评估的案例研究,并对跳扩散强度参数和随机波动率参数进行敏感性分析,研究结果表明:将项目收益跳扩散过程和市场环境随机波动率加入到专利权实物期权定价模型中,可以有效避免专利权的期权价值被高估。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.