浅析中国土地流转制度的改革

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,家庭经营制度之下的小生产、小流通、分散经营等低市场化程度的经营方式已经成为农民的增收和农村经济发展的瓶颈.近年来,随着农业结构调整、农村二三产业的发展和农村劳动力的转移,农村土地流转呈现加速的态势.土地流转是农村经济发展的必然趋势,反映了生产力发展的客观要求.它有效促进了农业结构调整和产业化经营,推动了土地适度规模经营,增加了农业投入,拓宽了农民增收渠道.但实践中也存在一些不容忽视的问题.在建设中国特色社会主义体系下,我们更应该从根本上保障土地流转的实施,建立完善的法律保障体系.     

专家学者谈农民离土问题

中国农业大学最近召开了一场学术研讨会,话题是"农民为什么离开土地".来自机关、院校和新闻单位的专家学者30多人,围绕在中国迅速城镇化过程中农村劳动力转移的现状,农村劳动力转移后农村老龄化程度以及对未来农业发展可能产生的影响,进行了热烈的讨论,提出了各自的观点和见解. 农业部农研中心党组书记陈建华: 现在的社会舆论关注的不是农民为什么离开土地,而是如何把农民从土地上转移出去,发展农业现代化,农业现代化不能排斥农民.全社会需要认识未来农业怎么发展,中国农村建设、现代农业建设究竟还需不需要农民,需要多少农民,需要什么样的农民?这些问题都摆在我们面前. 人口与计划生育委员会流动人口司司长苏荣掛: 我们部门的工作与农村有很大联系,我本人也是从农村出来的,对农村也很有感情.现在目前政府更关心在城镇化过程中,如何转移农村劳动力,特别是新生代农民工.目前,在农村有不少农户是单女户或双女户,女孩从事农业生产比男孩面临更多的困难,要关注纯女户家庭农业生产情况和可能存在的问题,通过制度创新和完善社会服务解决他们面临的生产困难.     

访谈:加快土地确权登记切实维护农民权益

农村集体土地确权登记发证工作,是推进农业、农村改革发展的基础性工作,对维护农民土地合法权益,顺利推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化,加强农村社会管理,促进城乡统筹发展具有重要意义. 2010年,中央1号文件首次明确提出,加快农村集体土地所有权、宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权等确权登记颁证工作,工作经费纳入财政预算.力争用3年时间把农村集体土地所有权证确认到每个具有所有权的农民集体经济组织.     

关于深化上海农村改革的若干思考

上海深化农村改革应着力发展现代农业经营的"三类主体":家庭农场、农民合作社和农业企业;着力保障农民的"三项权利":农民的土地承包经营权、农村集体经济组织成员权利和农民宅基地用益物权;着力盘活农村的"三块土地":农村承包土地、农民宅基地和农村集体建设用地;着力完善涉农的"三项制度":农产品价格形成制度、农业支持保护制度和土地征收制度;着力提升农村公共服务的"三项水平":农村义务教育水平、农村社会保障水平和农村医疗服务水平。     

积极推进农村城镇化与农业产业化的协同发展

农村城镇化是指农村人口和非农产业向农村城镇集聚的经济社会过程.这一过程不仅有利于我国解决"三农"(农村、农业、农民)问题,也有利于缓解城市的内需不足与市场制约,减轻农村人口向城市高速流动的压力.大力发展农村城镇,并依托它们促进周边地区的农业向"区域化布局、专业化生产、一体化经营"的方向发展,从根本上解决我国农村人多地少的矛盾,实现土地的规模经营,农业产业化的效率和效益得到充分发挥.因此,积极推进农村城镇化和农业产业化的协同发展,已成为我国农村经济社会发展的重大问题.     

农村土地流转中的金融支持问题与对策思考

《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》指出：“完善土地承包经营权权能,依法保障农民对土地的占有、使用、收益等权利。加强土地承包经营权流转管理和服务,建立健全土地承包经营权流转市场,按照依法自愿有偿原则,允许农民以转包、出租、互换、转让、股份合作等形式流转土地承包经营权,发展多种形式的适度规模经营。”允许农民以多种形式流转土地承包经营权,发展适度规模经营,这一举措将给农业发展带来巨大的推动。作为现代农业发展核心的农村金融,如何应对这场变革,发挥农村资产价值的作用,保障融通资金的安全,从而加快社会主义新农村建设,是当前深化农村经济改革亟待突破的课题。     

建立失地农民社会保障制度的思考

一、问题的提出土地是农民最重要、最基本的生产要素。回顾新中国农村经济发展的历史,任何一次农业生产力的大发展和农村生产关系的大调整,无一不是与土地政策紧密相连的。解放初期的土地改革,十一届三中全会后的家庭联产承包责任制,二十世纪末期的土地承包期延长三十年不变,这充分说明,我们在进行农村政策设计和制度安排时,必须高度重视和充分注意广大农民对土地这一最重要、最基本生产要素的依赖。也正因为如此,土地是农民的命根子。     

如何切实保障被征地农民的权益

随着城市化进程的推进和工业经济的发展,城市周边的农村集体土地被越来越多的大量征用,城市越来越多的"少地"或"失地"农民,将随着征地量的增大而增加,许多农民在土地被征用后成了"下岗"农民,仅有的土地补偿费和安置补助费被分光吃光后,没有最低生活保障的农民给农村,给城市乃至给整个社会带来越来越多的潜在问题.保障"少地"或"失地"的农民获得长期稳定乃至富足的生活来源,使被征地农民的权益得到充分的尊重,平等地善待,公正地兑现,这事关农业、农村和社会稳定、可持续发展和建设小康社会的大局.     

上海农村土地管理制度的改革创新

上海深化农村土地管理制度改革的思路是:通过有序流转承包农用地,促进农业规模经营、集中经营;通过归并、整理农民宅基地,促进农民集中居住;通过有序开发、规范利用农村集体建设土地,为农村第二、第三产业发展提供空间;通过完善征地补偿制度,确保农民利益。为此,上海要抓紧开展确权登记工作;培育新型经营主体,推动农业规模经营;加快宅基地归并和土地整理;完善农村集体建设用地流转收益分配制度;鼓励利用农村集体建设用地建设公租房;完善"征地留地""征地留房"等补偿安置方式。     

农地使用权合理流转的机制研究

经过20多年的改革探索,中国农村土地制度以所有权和使用权的分离为突破口,总体上形成了以土地集体所有、家庭承包经营、长期稳定承包权、鼓励合法流转为特征的新型土地制度.但是,近年来随着经济的增长和非农产业的迅猛发展,农业自然风险和市场风险加大,比较效益低,粮食问题严峻,耕地抛荒严重等深层次矛盾和问题相继出现.土地仍将是农村人口的主要收入来源,为确保社会安定,提高农业生产和农村经济的质量和效益,在加快农业剩余劳动力向非农产业转移的同时,探索在土地承包权稳定前提下的土地流转制度,对实现农业规模化、产业化、集约化经营具有十分重要的意义.     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Acceptance and Caregiving of Married and Divorced Custodial Mothers and Fathers

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n?=?398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender.