高维时变协高阶矩建模及其投资组合应用——基于半参数分布因子模型

本研究提出了一种基于半参数分布时变因子模型的动态协高阶矩建模方法，给出了模型设定、模型估计和时变高阶矩的检验.通过因子模型有效缓解了动态协高阶矩估计存在的“维数灾难”问题，同时通过引入半参数分布增加了模型的稳健性.实证研究表明：相比于现有协高阶矩估计方法，基于因子模型的动态建模能够有效捕捉资产收益率协高阶矩的时变结构，同时更加契合金融资产收益率的潜在特征；动态投资组合能够应用于高维场景，并产生更高且更稳定的经济价值，稳健性分析进一步证实了这一点.     

自回归条件方差-偏度-峰度:一个新的模型

提出一个新的自回归条件方差一偏度一峰度模型:GJRSK-M模型,讨论了模型的识别、定阶、估计等技术,运用该模型实证研究了中国股市的高阶矩波动特征,利用样本外预测方法研究了GJRSK-M模型与现有高阶矩波动模型在预测能力方面的差异.研究结果表明:中国股市的条件方差、条件偏度和条件峰度都具有波动持续性和杠杆效应,GJRSK-M模型具有比现有高阶矩波动模型更强的预测能力.最后提出了将高阶矩波动模型运用于金融风险管理研究的思路.     

基于时变高阶矩波动模型的 VaR 与 ES 度量

金融波动性建模经历了从常数高阶矩到时变高阶矩的发展历程． 文章扩展了现有的针对时变高阶矩波动模型风险测度效果的研究: 首先,以沪深 300 指数和其它世界股市若干重要指数为例,通过采用“从简单模型到复杂模型”的估计步骤,实现对时变高阶矩波动模型的估计,进而运用 Gram-Charlier 扩展分布获得对 VaR( value-at-risk) 和 ES( excepted shortfall) 两种不同风险测度的计算值; 然后,分别利用非条件覆盖检验( unconditional coverage test) 和基于自举法( Bootstrap) 的后验分析方法,实证对比了时变高阶矩和常数高阶矩两类模型的适用范围和精确程度．研究结果表明: 就所考察的若干指数样本而言,时变高阶矩模型不仅能够较好地刻画金融价格波动的整体动力学特征,并且总体来讲,在市场风险测度准确性方面也要优于常数高阶矩波动模型．     

基于时变高阶矩波动模型的VaR与ES度量

金融波动性建模经历了从常数高阶矩到时变高阶矩的发展历程.文章扩展了现有的针对时变高阶矩波动模型风险测度效果的研究:首先,以沪深300指数和其它世界股市若干重要指数为例,通过采用“从简单模型到复杂模型”的估计步骤,实现对时变高阶矩波动模型的估计,进而运用Gram-Charlier扩展分布获得对VaR(value-at-risk)和ES(excepted shortfall)两种不同风险测度的计算值;然后,分别利用非条件覆盖检验(unconditional coverage test)和基于自举法(Bootstrap)的后验分析方法,实证对比了时变高阶矩和常数高阶矩两类模型的适用范围和精确程度.研究结果表明:就所考察的若干指数样本而言,时变高阶矩模型不仅能够较好地刻画金融价格波动的整体动力学特征,并且总体来讲,在市场风险测度准确性方面也要优于常数高阶矩波动模型.     

考虑条件高阶矩风险的动态对冲模型研究

传统的期货对冲模型多数忽视了期货和现货收益高阶矩风险的影响。本文使用效用函数的Taylor展开分析了高阶矩风险对投资者目标函数的影响,并利用二元GARCHSK模型对期货和现货收益的条件高阶矩风险进行了动态建模,在此基础上提出了考虑条件高阶矩风险的动态对冲模型。通过使用恒生指数期货和现货数据的实证表明,考虑条件高阶矩的动态对冲策略和静态策略相比,能够更有效地降低高阶矩风险和提高投资者的效用。     

B-CAPM模型的GMM估计和检验

作为资本资产定价模型（CAPM）的发展之一,B-CAPM模型更适合于复杂多变的现实资本市场。本文首先分析从CAPM到B-CAPM的模型转化及其理论含义,然后迭代求出B-CAPM模型的零贝塔期望收益的极大似然估计值（MLE）,最后通过案例,实证运用GMM方法构建B-CAPM的估计和检验。结果表明,B-CAPM模型适用于证券市场收益和风险的度量以及有效性检验,GMM方法更符合实际。     

基于时变Copula函数的下偏矩最优套期保值效率测度方法研究

由于下偏矩测度方法具有明显优于最小方差风险度量方法的特征,因此是更为合理的套期保值效率测度准则。本文针对已有的计算最小下偏矩套期保值比率的非参数方法与参数方法存在的局限性问题,提出使用时变Copula函数来估计现货与期货收益率的联合密度函数,然后通过数值方法计算最小下偏矩套期保值比率的新方法。并且运用上海期货交易所交易的铜期货合约价格与上海金属网公布的铜现货价格数据进行实证检验,发现使用具有随时间变化的相关系数的Copula函数,与非参数方法相比,可以得到更小下偏矩的套期保值率。     

动态金融高阶矩建模:基于Generalized-t分布和Gram-Charlier展开分布的比较研究

动态时变高阶矩是金融收益率的一个重要特征。本文对比研究了主流的Generalized-t分布(GT)和Gram Charlier Expansion分布(GCE)在GJRGARCH模型下对动态高阶矩的拟合能力和Value-at-Risk的预测能力。基于2005-2014美国标普500股指和中国沪深300股指日收益率的实证结果显示,收益率的条件高阶矩存在显著的时变性和持续性,其中偏度参数的持续性参数达到0.9以上。从各种统计指标综合来看,这两种方法都具有较好的实证表现。尽管GCE分布具有某些高阶矩建模的便利性,GT分布的实证拟合能力更强,对极端概率Value-at-Risk的样本外预测也更加准确。     

基于波动择时绩效的高维波动率估计量与预测模型研究

对协方差矩阵高频估计量和预测模型的选择，共同影响协方差的预测效果，从而影响波动择时投资组合策略的绩效。资产维数很高时，协方差矩阵高频估计量的构建会因非同步交易而丢弃大量数据，降低信息利用效率。鉴于此，将可以充分利用资产日内价格信息的KEM估计量用于估计中国股市资产的高维协方差矩阵，并与两种常用协方差矩阵估计量进行比较。进一步地，将三种估计量分别用于多元异质自回归模型、指数加权移动平均模型以及短、中、长期移动平均模型进行样本外预测，并比较在三种基于风险的投资组合策略下的经济效益。采用上证50指数中20只不同流动性成份股逐笔高频数据的实证研究发现：（1）无论是在市场平稳时期还是市场剧烈震荡期，长期移动平均模型都是高维协方差估计量预测建模的最优选择，在应用于各种波动择时策略时都可以实现最低成本和最高收益。（2）在市场平稳时期，KEM估计量是高维协方差估计的最优选择，应用于各种波动择时策略时基本都可以实现最低成本和最高收益；在市场剧烈震荡期，使用KEM估计量进行波动择时仍然可以在成本方面保持优势，但在收益上并不占优。（3）无论是在市场平稳时期还是市场剧烈震荡期，最低的成本都是在采用等风险贡献投资组合时实现的，而最高的收益则都是在采用最小方差投资组合时实现的。研究不仅首次检验了KEM估计量在常用波动择时策略中的适用性，而且首次实证了实现最为简单的长期移动平均模型在高维协方差矩阵预测中的优越性，对投资决策和风险管理等实务应用都具有重要意义。     

非参数计量经济联立模型的局部线性广义矩估计

联立方程模型在经济政策制定、经济结构分析和经济预测方面起重要作用。本文在随机设计(模型中所有变量为随机变量)下,提出了非参数计量经济联立模型的局部线性广义矩估计并利用概率论中大数定理和中心极限定理在内点处研究了它的大样本性质,证明了它的一致性和渐近正态性。它在内点处的收敛速度达到了非参数函数估计的最优收敛速度。     

Consistent Estimation of Models Defined by Conditional Moment Restrictions

In econometrics, models stated as conditional moment restrictions are typically estimated by means of the generalized method of moments (GMM). The GMM estimation procedure can render inconsistent estimates since the number of arbitrarily chosen instruments is finite. In fact, consistency of the GMM estimators relies on additional assumptions that imply unclear restrictions on the data generating process. This article introduces a new, simple and consistent estimation procedure for these models that is directly based on the definition of the conditional moments. The main feature of our procedure is its simplicity, since its implementation does not require the selection of any user‐chosen number, and statistical inference is straightforward since the proposed estimator is asymptotically normal. In addition, we suggest an asymptotically efficient estimator constructed by carrying out one Newton–Raphson step in the direction of the efficient GMM estimator.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Higher Order Properties of Gmm and Generalized Empirical Likelihood Estimators

In an effort to improve the small sample properties of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators, a number of alternative estimators have been suggested. These include empirical likelihood (EL), continuous updating, and exponential tilting estimators. We show that these estimators share a common structure, being members of a class of generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators. We use this structure to compare their higher order asymptotic properties. We find that GEL has no asymptotic bias due to correlation of the moment functions with their Jacobian, eliminating an important source of bias for GMM in models with endogeneity. We also find that EL has no asymptotic bias from estimating the optimal weight matrix, eliminating a further important source of bias for GMM in panel data models. We give bias corrected GMM and GEL estimators. We also show that bias corrected EL inherits the higher order property of maximum likelihood, that it is higher order asymptotically efficient relative to the other bias corrected estimators.     

GMM with Many Moment Conditions

This paper provides a first order asymptotic theory for generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators when the number of moment conditions is allowed to increase with the sample size and the moment conditions may be weak. Examples in which these asymptotics are relevant include instrumental variable (IV) estimation with many (possibly weak or uninformed) instruments and some panel data models that cover moderate time spans and have correspondingly large numbers of instruments. Under certain regularity conditions, the GMM estimators are shown to converge in probability but not necessarily to the true parameter, and conditions for consistent GMM estimation are given. A general framework for the GMM limit distribution theory is developed based on epiconvergence methods. Some illustrations are provided, including consistent GMM estimation of a panel model with time varying individual effects, consistent limited information maximum likelihood estimation as a continuously updated GMM estimator, and consistent IV structural estimation using large numbers of weak or irrelevant instruments. Some simulations are reported.     

Consistent Moment Selection Procedures for Generalized Method of Moments Estimation

This paper considers a generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation problem in which one has a vector of moment conditions, some of which are correct and some incorrect. The paper introduces several procedures for consistently selecting the correct moment conditions. The procedures also can consistently determine whether there is a sufficient number of correct moment conditions to identify the unknown parameters of interest. The paper specifies moment selection criteria that are GMM analogues of the widely used BIC and AIC model selection criteria. (The latter is not consistent.) The paper also considers downward and upward testing procedures. All of the moment selection procedures discussed in this paper are based on the minimized values of the GMM criterion function for different vectors of moment conditions. The procedures are applicable in time-series and cross-sectional contexts. Application of the results of the paper to instrumental variables estimation problems yields consistent procedures for selecting instrumental variables.     

Efficient Semiparametric Estimation via Moment Restrictions

Conditional moment restrictions can be combined through GMM estimation to construct more efficient semiparametric estimators. This paper is about attainable efficiency for such estimators. We define and use a moment tangent set, the directions of departure from the truth allowed by the moments, to characterize when the semiparametric efficiency bound can be attained. The efficiency condition is that the moment tangent set equals the model tangent set. We apply these results to transformed, censored, and truncated regression models, e.g., finding that the conditional moment restrictions from Powell's (1986) censored regression quantile estimators can be combined to approximate efficiency when the disturbance is independent of regressors.     

GMM Estimation of Autoregressive Roots Near Unity with Panel Data

This paper investigates a generalized method of moments (GMM) approach to the estimation of autoregressive roots near unity with panel data and incidental deterministic trends. Such models arise in empirical econometric studies of firm size and in dynamic panel data modeling with weak instruments. The two moment conditions in the GMM approach are obtained by constructing bias corrections to the score functions under OLS and GLS detrending, respectively. It is shown that the moment condition under GLS detrending corresponds to taking the projected score on the Bhattacharya basis, linking the approach to recent work on projected score methods for models with infinite numbers of nuisance parameters (Waterman and Lindsay (1998)). Assuming that the localizing parameter takes a nonpositive value, we establish consistency of the GMM estimator and find its limiting distribution. A notable new finding is that the GMM estimator has convergence rate , slower than , when the true localizing parameter is zero (i.e., when there is a panel unit root) and the deterministic trends in the panel are linear. These results, which rely on boundary point asymptotics, point to the continued difficulty of distinguishing unit roots from local alternatives, even when there is an infinity of additional data.     

Generalized Method of Moments With Many Weak Moment Conditions

Using many moment conditions can improve efficiency but makes the usual generalized method of moments (GMM) inferences inaccurate. Two‐step GMM is biased. Generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) has smaller bias, but the usual standard errors are too small in instrumental variable settings. In this paper we give a new variance estimator for GEL that addresses this problem. It is consistent under the usual asymptotics and, under many weak moment asymptotics, is larger than usual and is consistent. We also show that the Kleibergen (2005) Lagrange multiplier and conditional likelihood ratio statistics are valid under many weak moments. In addition, we introduce a jackknife GMM estimator, but find that GEL is asymptotically more efficient under many weak moments. In Monte Carlo examples we find that t‐statistics based on the new variance estimator have nearly correct size in a wide range of cases.     

Empirical Likelihood‐Based Inference in Conditional Moment Restriction Models

This paper proposes an asymptotically efficient method for estimating models with conditional moment restrictions. Our estimator generalizes the maximum empirical likelihood estimator (MELE) of Qin and Lawless (1994). Using a kernel smoothing method, we efficiently incorporate the information implied by the conditional moment restrictions into our empirical likelihood‐based procedure. This yields a one‐step estimator which avoids estimating optimal instruments. Our likelihood ratio‐type statistic for parametric restrictions does not require the estimation of variance, and achieves asymptotic pivotalness implicitly. The estimation and testing procedures we propose are normalization invariant. Simulation results suggest that our new estimator works remarkably well in finite samples.     

Identification Using Stability Restrictions

This paper studies inference in models that are identified by moment restrictions. We show how instability of the moments can be used constructively to improve the identification of structural parameters that are stable over time. A leading example is macroeconomic models that are immune to the well‐known (Lucas (1976)) critique in the face of policy regime shifts. This insight is used to develop novel econometric methods that extend the widely used generalized method of moments (GMM). The proposed methods yield improved inference on the parameters of the new Keynesian Phillips curve.