基于博弈论的交通BOT项目特许权期的决策模型

本文主要研究了交通BOT项目中特许权期的决策问题.根据博弈论的理论和方法,本文以特许权期作为政府的决策变量,建立了政府和项目公司之间的博弈模型,分析了政府和项目公司的最优战略问题,从而得到了特许权期的最优决策模型,为交通BOT项目特许权期的决策提供了较系统的理论方法.     

BOT模式下开发经济适用房的博弈决策分析

经济适用住房是我国住房保障制度的一个核心,经济适用房实施的好坏直接关系到住房保障制度实施的成效.现今经济适用房在实施过程中出现了不少问题,原因之一就是它的保障方式单一,只售不租.本文提出在BOT模式下考虑经济适用房的建设,即经济租赁房.并根据博弈论的理论和方法,以特许权期作为政府的决策变量,建立了政府和开发商之间的博弈模型,分析了政府和开发商的最优战略问题,从而得到了特许权期的最优决策模型.     

多级政府间的教育投入博弈分析与决策

本文采用完全信息动态博弈研究了三级政府的教育投入模型,分别为各级政府提出了决策。在该模型中,市政府先行动,接着省政府行动,最后中央政府行动。本文首先描述了基本模型;然后采用动态博弈分析了教育投入;最后,提出了最优解的算法,并举例说明各级政府怎样去做决策。     

基础设施BOT项目特许权期的决策模型

本文从建立BOT项目实施的里程碑阶段及它们的时间关系，分析了确定特许权期的若干原则和作用及其影响因素，并建立了确定特许权期的数量决策模型。为BOT项目特许权期的确定和决策提供了较系统的理论方法。     

论特许权交易的动态结构与特许扩张

特许经营是以特许权交易为纽带形成的开发与利用外部市场机会的专业化分工组织,特许扩张直接表现为特许权交易的扩张.由此,首先将特许权交易划分为特许品牌使用权交易和受许人控制权交易2个子交易,在此基础上分析了特许权交易动态结构的循环与共生特征及其内在矛盾;然后通过对特许权交易循环中的资产配置分析和特许双方的动态博弈分析,揭示特许经营稳定扩张的条件和过度扩张的形成机理;最后提出相应的对策建议.     

基于着色随机Petri网的TOT特许经营期决策模型

引入项目风险对TOT特许经营现金流的影响,提出风险因素影响下的净现值法求解特许经营期,构建基于着色随机Petri网的TOT特许经营期决策模型。通过模型求解特许经营期的概率分布及其期望值,为TOT项目特许权期的确定和决策提供一种新的解决思路和方法。     

弹性需求下交通BOT项目特许期决策

为解决弹性需求条件下的特许期决策问题,本文以交通BOT项目为研究对象,以实现政府社会消费者总剩余最大化与项目公司收益净现值最大化为决策目标,构建了完全信息动态博弈模型。求解出模型的精炼纳什均衡解,针对均衡解的性质展开讨论,从价格弹性视角分析了交通量需求变动对特许期决策的影响。最后,通过算例对特许期决策模型和均衡解的性质进行了验证。     

指数国债的数量决策方法研究

指数国债是西方国家近年来兴起的新品种。国债余额中指数国债的合理数量决策取决于政府与投资者的动态博弈结果。文中建立了不同条件下指数国债数量决策的动态博弈模型,得到了时间一致、时间不一致,以及中央银行干预国债规模条件下指数国债的合理数量决策方法,研究表明,时间不一致条件下指数国债的合理数量多于时间一致条件下指数国债的合理数量,而引入财政部与中央银行通胀博弈,能够得到更为准确的指数国债合理数量,这将为我国引入指数国债提供了方法基础。     

基于CAPM的BOT项目特许期的计算模型

BOT项目的特许期是项目特许权协议中的重要内容。文献[1]和文献[2]提出了BOT项目特许期的计算模型,本文针对文献[1]和文献[2]的计算模型中贴现率取值仅考虑银行贷款利率和通货膨胀率两方面的影响因素而存在的缺陷,提出了基于CAPM资本资产定价模型的BOT项目特许期的改进计算模型,为科学合理的确定BOT项目的特许期提供了理论基础。     

供应链配送中的提前期模型研究

提出缩短提前期在快速反应中的重要性,分别研究供需双方在集中决策和分散决策情形下的最优提前期模型,最后研究供需双方在分散决策下的合作博弈模型,提出基于提前期折扣的配送协调策略。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.