中国孩子质量与数量的替代关系现状分析——基于分位数回归方法

文章利用"中国健康与营养调查"2009年度的相关数据,采用分位数回归方法对我国孩子质量与数量间的替代关系进行分析研究,证实在生育政策与社会经济发展双重效力下的我国家庭孩子数量的减少,同时使孩子的质量得以提高。此外,孩子的性别、父母的学历、家庭所处地理位置、家庭长期福利水平以及家中孩子的性别组成也对孩子的质量有显著影响。     

卫生医疗资源的可及性与农村儿童的健康问题

文章利用中国健康与营养调查2000年数据,分析目前中国农村卫生医疗资源的可及性及其对农村儿童健康状况的影响。实证结果发现,卫生医疗资源对不同社会经济特征家庭具有不公平的可及性。新时期卫生医疗资源的投入和使用应更着眼于提高农村儿童及其家庭公平享有卫生医疗资源的程度,从而有效地提高贫困及低受教育水平家庭儿童的健康水平,促进农村地区和谐发展。     

婚姻支付对老年劳动参与的影响--基于CHARLS数据的实证研究北大核心

2000年以来中国的婚姻支付占家庭支出的比重大幅上升,在终生预算约束条件下,婚姻支付上升会对老年人的劳动参与选择产生直接影响。文章采用跨期分析方法构建老年劳动参与选择模型,并使用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2018年数据实证检验婚姻支付对老年劳动参与的影响。研究发现:(1)婚姻支付对老年人的劳动参与率及劳动参与时长存在显著正向影响,在考虑内生性问题并进行稳健性检验后结论依然成立;(2)婚姻支付对老年劳动参与的影响存在城乡、性别、年龄及家庭固定资产水平异质性;(3)婚姻支付与老年劳动参与之间存在平缓的“倒U型”关系,这可能与老年人的财富水平相关;(4)养老金水平、健康状况与婚姻支付对老年劳动参与的影响存在交互效应。研究结论表明,婚姻支付在普遍增加老年人劳动参与的基础上,还显著促进了“弱势”老年人的劳动参与,包括:农村、女性、高龄、低财富水平及低健康水平的老年人。在理论和实证分析基础上,提出防止婚姻支付过快上涨,完善老年劳动力市场,加强兜底性社会保障建设等促进婚姻支付与老年劳动参与双向协调发展的政策建议。     

男孩偏好与儿童健康的性别差异:基于农村计划生育政策环境的考察

本文使用中国营养与健康1991年和2000年的调查数据,在中国农村计划生育政策的环境下分析了男孩偏好对儿童健康性别差异的影响及其变化趋势.通过实证比较农村总体儿童、"一孩半制"生育政策地区儿童、以及遵守"一孩半制"生育政策家庭的第二胎儿童健康状况的性别差异,本文分析了男孩偏好对儿童健康性别差异的影响.我们发现,从1991年到2000年间,整体农村儿童健康的性别差异在逐渐缩小,但是在特定情况下,男孩偏好对儿童健康状况的影响依然显著.     

子女离婚对老年人健康的影响研究--基于CLASS数据的实证分析

婚姻稳定性下降、人口老龄化加剧预示着越来越多的老年人会经历子女离婚,然而子女离婚是否以及如何影响老年父母健康尚缺乏研究。本文基于生命历程理论和社会性别理论,从老年健康的角度出发,强调来自家庭层面子女离婚的影响,并从家庭代际经济支持等方面分析子女离婚如何影响老年健康及其发生的机制,探索家庭内部影响因素间的作用与联系。本文利用2014年和2018年“中国老年社会追踪调查数据”(CLASS)分析子女离婚对老年父母健康状况的影响。研究发现对于当前我国老年人而言,子女离婚仍是少数,但子女离婚会对老年父母健康带来冲击,表现为有离婚子女的老年人更可能自评身体不健康、慢性病患病数量显著更多、精神健康水平更低;子女离婚对老年父母的健康负面影响具有持久性;相较于儿子离婚,女儿离婚的老年人更可能自觉身体不健康;子女离婚对父母健康的影响具有性别异质性,离婚更易影响女儿对父母的经济支持水平是一个重要原因。     

性别、家庭财富与不同年龄阶段儿童辍学行为——基于2006年中国营养与健康调查数据

基于2006年中国营养与健康调查截面数据中农村教育阶段儿童样本的研究,本文发现,儿童性别、教育阶段、母亲最高教育年限及父亲身体健康状况是影响儿童辍学的重要因素,然而,随着儿童年龄增长性别歧视和家庭财富状况的影响逐渐减弱,并且会在一定年龄阶段改变影响方向。儿童辍学行为的影响因素中家庭财富状况由家庭父母教育程度和职业内生决定。     

童年时期亲子关系对中老年人健康的影响——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析CSSCI

本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据研究童年时期亲子关系对中老年人身心健康的影响。研究发现:(1)童年与父母的关系均会影响中老年人的身心健康状况,但童年与母亲的关系对中老年人生理健康的影响相对突出。(2)分组回归结果显示,童年与父母的关系对不同分组中老年人的自评健康、精神抑郁均存在显著影响。而童年与母亲的关系在其慢性病患病数量方面的影响存在性别、年龄、城乡和家庭结构差异,童年与父亲的关系对中老年人慢性病患病数量的影响仅在城乡之间存在差异。(3)KHB分解法发现,在童年亲子关系对中老年人身心健康影响的路径中,童年父母躯体虐待行为、童年时期健康状况和童年时期社会交往均具有一定中介作用。     

空巢老年人健康状况实证研究及政策建议——福州市社区空巢老年人健康状况调查

本研究采用分层整群抽取福州市鼓楼、台江、仓山三个区60岁及以上的社区老年人,采用入户调查方法调查了空巢老人躯体健康、生活自理能力(ADL)、经济状况、精神健康、社会健康5个维度的健康状况及其影响因素。本研究提示了福州市社区空巢老年人占老年人总体比例的39%,其中男性多于女性,由logistic检验得出空巢老年人健康状况受年龄、性别、原职业、是否赞成非家庭养老方式、锻炼程度等因素的影响,并提出改善空巢老年人的健康状况的对策建议。     

快速老龄化时期城乡老年人的家庭养老照料负担

利用2018年中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS2018)数据,设置老年人家庭照料负担水平指标和照料强度指标,对比分析城乡老年人的家庭照料负担和照料强度。研究发现,日常活动能力受限后,镇和乡村老年人的照料负担重于城市老年人;城市老年人的家庭实际照料人数明显少于镇和乡村老年人,日常生活中城市老年人的照料强度高于相应的镇、乡村老年人;生活不能自理加重了城乡老年人的家庭照料强度,且在城市老年人中表现得更为突出。患重病后,乡村生活不能自理老年人的家庭照料强度重于相应的城市、镇老年人。健康状况对老年人照料负担具有显著影响,有效降低家庭和社会照料负担需在实施健康中国战略中建设立足于全人群全生命周期的健康管理体系。     

家庭老年照料对女性照料者健康的影响研究

本文基于中国健康与营养调查1991²009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%2009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%¹7.04%,自评健康状况"一般"和"差"的概率分别提高0.24%和0.10%。照料活动对于女性健康的影响存在城乡、家庭结构和居住模式上的差异。城镇地区女性从事照料活动对健康的影响明显高于农村地区;家庭中兄弟姐妹数量少于3人的女性因照料老年人导致过去四周患病率显著增加7.63%;对于与父母(公婆)同住的女性,提供照料使她们过去四周患病率上升6.66%;提供照料帮助还对不与父母(公婆)同住的女性有显著影响,使其自评健康水平下降7.41%。此外,高强度照料活动对健康的负面影响更大。     

挤入还是挤出:社会保障对子女经济供养老人的影响——关于医疗保障与家庭经济供养行为

社会保障对子女经济供养老人的影响一直是学术界关注的热点问题。基于实地调研数据,控制其他变量基础上,重点分析社会保障对子女经济供养老人的影响,研究结果显示,社会保障总体上对子女经济供养老人的水平具有挤入效应,老年人获得社会保障总体上将提高子女对其经济供养水平。而解释机制分析则发现,原因在于医疗保障释放了老年人的医疗卫生服务需求,进而增加了相应支出,并最终导致子女增加了经济供养支出。进一步分析发现了该效应的群体差异性,而该效应实质是医疗卫生资源和服务分配的阶层性差异,根源在于现行医疗卫生制度存在的各种弊病。在研究结论基础上,提出了建立公平的健康保障与福利改进体系等思考。     

The Simultaneous Effects of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Child Health on Children’s Cognitive Development

Family socioeconomic status (SES) and child health are so strongly related that scholars have speculated child health to be an important pathway through which a cycle of poverty is reproduced across generations. Despite increasing recognition that SES and health work reciprocally and dynamically over the life course to produce inequality, research has yet to address how these two pathways simultaneously shape children’s development. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and marginal structural models, we ask three questions: (1) how does the reciprocal relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and child health affect estimates of each circumstance on children’s cognitive development?; (2) how do their respective effects vary with age?; and (3) do family SES and child health have differential effects on cognitive development across population subgroups? The results show that the negative effects of socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health are insensitive to their reciprocal relationships over time. We find divergent effects of socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health on children’s cognitive trajectories, with a widening pattern for family SES effects and a leveling-off pattern for child health effects. Finally, the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage are similar across all racial/ethnic groups, while the effects of child health are largely driven by white children. We discuss theoretical and policy implications of these findings for future research.     

What is Most Important: Social Factors, Health Selection, and Adolescent Educational Achievement

This paper explores the relative importance of social factors and health measures in predicting educational achievement in early and late adolescence using population-based administrative data. The sample was made up of 41,943 children born in Manitoba, Canada between 1982 and 1989 and remaining in the province until age 18. Multilevel modeling nests each individual (level 1) within a family (level 2) residing within a neighborhood (level 3). Most important in predicting adolescent achievement were a broad socioeconomic status index (and a narrower measure of household income), being on social assistance, mother’s age at first birth, gender, residential mobility, the presence of ADHD/Conduct disorders, and measures of family functioning (child taken into care or offered protection services and family structure history). Family size, birth order, and newborn characteristics (birthweight, APGAR, gestational age) were statistically significant but of little importance in explaining the outcomes. Both examining regression coefficients and systematically omitting variables showed social factors (often emphasized by epidemiologists) to have markedly greater effects than the combination of health measures (often stressed by economists) in predicting achievement. However, mental health in childhood is identified as among the important predictors. Record linkage across population datasets from health, education, and family services ministries allowed: tracking health and educational attainment at different times in a child’s life, following a large number of cases across childhood, considerable sensitivity testing, controlling for unmeasured family and neighborhood effects, generating an extensive list of predictors, estimating effect sizes, and comparing Manitoba results with those of well-known American studies.     

The Impact of Fathers’ Work and Family Conflicts on Children’s Self-Esteem: The Hong Kong Case

Work and family conflicts are always viewed as issues of human resource management or occupational health. Insufficient attention has been focused on the impact on child development and quality of parenting, especially regarding the impact of a father’s work. To examine the impact of work and family conflicts on the quality of father–child interactions in Hong Kong, a cross-sectional survey was conducted. In total, 556 pairs of working fathers and their school-aged children participated in the survey. The findings of the survey indicated that fathers’ work-to-family conflicts negatively affected the quality of father–child interactions, which in turn caused harm to children’s self-esteem. In addition to work-family conflicts, a low income level of the fathers, a larger number of children in the family, and the presence in the family of children approaching adolescence were significant risk factors to the quality of father–child interactions. The mothers’ active parental involvement and the complexity of the fathers’ occupation were significant protective factors of the quality of father–child interactions. To facilitate strong family bonding and good quality parenting, possible measures to ensure a healthy work-family balance among working fathers are discussed.     

Rural–Urban Child Height for Age Trajectories and Their Heterogeneous Determinants in Four Developing Countries

The large literature on health differentials between rural and urban areas relies almost exclusively on cross-sectional data. Bringing together the demographic literature on area-level health inequalities with the bio-physiological literature on children’s catch-up growth over time, this paper uses panel data to investigate the stability and origins of rural–urban health differentials. Using data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of child poverty, I present evidence of large level differences but similar trends in rural versus urban children’s height for age in four developing countries. Further, observable characteristics of children’s environment such as their household wealth, mother’s education, and epidemiological environment explain these differentials in most contexts. In Peru, where they do not, children’s birthweight and mothers’ health and other characteristics suggest that initial endowments—even before birth—may play an important role in explaining "residual" rural–urban child height inequalities. These latter results imply that prioritizing maternal nutrition and health is essential—particularly where rural–urban height inequalities are large. Interventions to reduce area-level health inequalities should begin even before birth.     

母亲劳动供给行为与中国农村儿童健康

本文使用"中国家庭营养与健康调查"(CHNS)数据,测度了母亲劳动供给行为对于中国农村儿童健康的影响,重点研究了全职和兼职母亲在儿童不同的年龄阶段进入劳动力市场对于儿童健康的影响。研究结果显示:母亲进入劳动力市场并不必然导致母亲照料儿童时间的减少,从事兼职工作的母亲由于工作的灵活性对于儿童的照料甚至比不参加工作的母亲更为充分;此外,在母亲劳动收入增加的正效应的作用下,母亲从事全职、兼职工作对于儿童健康有正的影响,但兼职工作的影响并不显著。在控制住儿童健康对于母亲劳动供给的反作用之后发现,母亲在儿童0～2岁阶段进入劳动力市场会对儿童健康产生负面影响,但影响在统计上并不显著。     

Growing Up Together: Cohort Composition and Child Investment

In sub-Saharan Africa, 60 % of child deaths are preventable by investments in child health as simple as immunizations, bed nets, or water purification. This article investigates how a household’s decisions regarding such investments are affected by the size and gender composition of a child’s cohort. I focus on a previously overlooked type of investment: nonrival, child-specific goods (club goods). I empirically estimate the response of immunization status to cohort characteristics. I carefully address the problem of endogenous fertility, which is common in cohort studies. Because most rural Senegalese households are composed of multiple nuclear families, a child’s cohort is composed of both siblings and nonsibling children. Estimating within households, I instrument cohort characteristics with those of the nonsibling (exogenous) portion. I find that children with larger (or more predominantly male) cohorts of vaccine-eligible age are significantly more likely to receive immunization. These findings suggest that children with larger cohorts may be better off in terms of club investments; this is a significant finding for child health given that many illness prevention methods are of a club good nature.     

Nature’s Experiment? Handedness and Early Childhood Development

In recent years, a large body of research has investigated the various factors affecting child development and the consequent impact of child development on future educational and labor market outcomes. In this article, we contribute to this literature by investigating the effect of handedness on child development. This is an important issue given that around 10% of the world’s population is left-handed and given recent research demonstrating that child development strongly affects adult outcomes. Using a large, nationally representative sample of young children, we find that the probability of a child being left-handed is not significantly related to child health at birth, family composition, parental employment, or household income. We also find robust evidence that left-handed (and mixed-handed) children perform significantly worse in nearly all measures of development than right-handed children, with the relative disadvantage being larger for boys than girls. Importantly, these differentials cannot be explained by different socioeconomic characteristics of the household, parental attitudes, or investments in learning resources.     

广东妇女文化素质与生育水平分析

对于不同文化程度的育龄妇女,其生育观念,优生节育知识及在社会和家庭中的角色地位等都存在较大差异,进而影响其生育水平。本文从妇女的婚育年龄,总和生育率,活产子女,生育孩次构成等方面,来分析广东妇女文化素质与生育水平的关系。