从佛禅术语看《沧浪诗话·诗辨》的“诗道”体系

构建独特的“诗道”体系,是《沧浪诗话·诗辨》的主要目标.而将“以禅喻诗”贯穿于“学诗”“参诗”过程而最终求得“诗道真谛”则是“诗辨”的本质.严羽关于“诗道”体系的建构,以学诗为基,以参诗为核,以辨诗为的,体现了其要言不繁,却体系完备的特征,如果只注意其以佛禅“喻诗”的特性而忽略其诗学体系,这对其诗论的理解也是片面的.     

诗缘情而绮靡——试论诗的特质

中外文学理论及史实说明:“艺术就是情感。”诗更是情感的宠儿、情感的律吕和色彩。诗尤其需要情感的爆炸——“灵感”的获得。情感与灵感的关系:情感是灵感的母体;灵感是情感的产儿、触媒、导火索和爆破点,是情感孕育诗篇的必经的重要阶段,“是诗的受孕”,是诗人富有个性特征的独特的审美感受,是一种全新的美的愉悦,是诗情中最感人最富创造性的力量。诗主情,重灵感;而诗情和灵感不是心灵固有的,也不是天生的,是诗人从现实生活中获得的独特审美判断及与之俱生的情感反映。诗主情与其他艺术主情的区别,在于“诗缘情而绮靡”。作者认为,这就是诗的特质。     

个性解读,小学语文阅读教学的灵魂

《小学语文课程标准》中强调:“阅读是一种个性化行为,是作者、教师、学生以及文本之间对话的过程”。在小学语文教学中,教师引导学生钻研文本,开展个性解读是践行“以人为本”理念,是学生主体地位的体现,不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅读实践"因此,只有切实开展个性化的解读才能充分体现儿童的个性。     

"诗穷者而后工"的原因探讨

“诗穷者而后工”是由“发愤著书”衍生出来的子命题。本文根据古人的说法,总结出了“诗穷者而后工”四个方面的原因:一、穷而发愤,其文要约而写真;二、穷而发愤,其文能写人情之所难言:三、人穷则诗工;四、欢愉之辞难工,穷愁之言易好。     

新诗解读方法说略

若想建构新诗解读理论,使自发阅读上升为自觉鉴赏,应该确立历史主义的态度与立场;把握新诗的艺术个性,破译其隐显适度的意象密码,品味其体现情绪律动的自由化语言,掌握其诗情哲思化的艺术趋势,进行有针对性的阅读;同时要多向拓展研究方法,如引进比较法、整体阅读与细读统一、进行创造性的“悟”读等,从而贴近文本实质。     

诗力都从定慧生——论马一浮的诗

在 2 0世纪中国现代学人之中 ,马一浮先生其学其诗是融通得最好的。如果说 ,其哲学表征是在破除了儒道释乃至理学、六艺之学的门户之见基础上所产生的“道通为一” ,那么也可以说 ,它的诗学表征即为一种超越了“思”与“诗”、“物”与“我”、“偶然”与“必然”等一系列二元对立之后而呈现出的“理事无碍 ,正音正义”之审美精神。从诗学源流上讲 ,马氏之诗在“理趣”和“意境”上远接于宋代的理学家诗人邵雍 ,但由于其学也深、其感也广以及“其情也深” ,而这三方面则无疑是马氏其学、其诗可以超越前贤的根本原因。由于从现代学术进程中获得了更加深厚的精神定力 ,因而使马氏之诗真正具有了一种“万物并育而不相害 ,道并行而不相悖”的通儒之境界     

陆机《文赋》"诗缘情而绮靡,赋体物而浏亮"含义辨

“诗缘情而绮靡,赋体物而浏亮”是陆机《文赋》中关于诗、赋文体特征的著名论断。其确切含义应该是:诗以抒发情志为主,要求表达感情美好动人;赋以描状外物为主,要求刻画事物清晰细致,形象鲜明。通过对文本的全面观照,纠正了一些论者断章取义、不客观地拔高“诗缘情”说理论意义的做法。     

“赋、比、兴”是中国古代精神文化最常用的基本表达方式

“赋、比、兴”是前人总结中国古代第一部诗歌总集“诗经”的艺术手法和艺术创作经验而提出的一组概念。最早见于《周礼·春官》 :“太师……教六诗 :曰风、曰赋、曰比、曰兴、曰颂”。又见于《毛诗大序》 ,但有所不同 ,《毛诗大序》改称“六诗”为“诗六义”。经学家孔颖达在《毛诗正义》中解释说 :“风、雅、颂者 ,《诗》篇之异体 ;赋、比、兴者 ,《诗》文之异辞耳。……赋、比、兴是《诗》之所用 ,风、雅、颂是《诗》之成形 ,用彼三事 ,成此三事 ,是故同称为义。”理学家朱熹也认为 ,风、雅、颂是“三经” ,是“做诗的骨子” ;赋、比、兴…     

诗词结构与诗庄词媚

诗词结构与诗庄词媚○孙绿江词，从它诞生之日起，便因其独具的文化因子而呈现出特有的柔媚香艳的风格特征。所谓“词为艳科”，“诗庄词媚”，“诗之境大，词之境狭”等等，都是在强调“词别是一家”，与传统的诗歌不同，婉约派也因此而被视为词坛之正宗。虽然在艳情诗中...     

Cultural deficiencies in ＂second-hand reading＂ of the classics and the reconstruction of the public intellectual sphere

基于以央视《百家讲坛》为代表的学者以个体阅读取代大众阅读的文化传播现象,本文率先提出“经典代读”这一核心概念。“经典代读”的文化缺失主要表现为三方面：受众出于对文化的渴求,被动地接受学者对经典的解读,导致自主阅读的角色缺位;媒体受商业利益驱动,以至于文化策略运用失当,文化角色定位偏移,因而出现角色越位;学者受制于大众媒体的强势导控与“受众为王”的商业逻辑,由文化理想的导航者蜕变为大众趣味的迎合者,导致角色错位。面对以上缺失,相应的对策是：聚合大学、公共图书馆、媒体等诸多社会公共资源,一同促使由媒体主导的经典“代读”向公众自身主导的“自读”转变,以此重建公共知识空间。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.