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本文考虑一个基于短周期产品供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统,在两个销售周期内,市场容量根据产品所处的生命周期变化而变化。文章研究了在承诺定价合同和动态定价合同下,零售商使用战略库存策略和战略缺货策略的条件,以及产品在不同生命周期下供应商和零售商的最优决策和利润。研究发现,战略库存策略和战略缺货策略在两种定价合同下都可能存在,产品所处生命周期和持有(缺货)成本的大小对供应链成员的决策和利润起着决定性作用。战略库存策略在产品处于发展期时可以有效降低产品第二期批发价格,但战略缺货策略却不具备议价效果。同时,当第二周期产品市场容量变化不剧烈,且持有成本较小时,零售商在动态定价合同下使用战略库存策略可以同时提高供应商和零售商利润,进而提高整体供应链效率;零售商在动态定价合同下使用战略缺货策略同样可以提高整体供应链效率,但当供应商决定供应链成员间的定价方式时,战略缺货策略始终不会存在。 相似文献
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在两期销售环境下,研究了面向策略型消费者的在线零售商库存信息披露及联合定价、库存决策问题。考虑在线零售商库存信息共享和隐藏两种库存披露策略,构建了在线零售商两期销售利润模型。通过分析消费者的购买行为,讨论了在具有策略型消费者的市场中,在线零售商应如何选择库存信息披露策略,以及如何制定最优定价和库存决策。在此基础上,分析了相关参数对在线零售商决策及利润的影响。研究结果表明,在线零售商的最优定价及库存决策受消费者估值折扣系数和第二期定价策略的影响。特别地,当在线零售商选择第一期缺货时,更倾向于共享其库存水平信息;当在线零售商选择第二期缺货或者两期均不缺货时,消费者估值折扣系数存在一个阈值,当低于该阈值时,在线零售商会选择隐藏库存水平信息,当高于该阈值时,在线零售商会选择共享库存水平信息。 相似文献
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新鲜产品在跨季销售过程中不可避免地发生变质,给分销商带来较大的风险。本文基于一个两阶段决策模型来帮助分销商动态管理库存,在考虑产品质量随机变化的情形下更好地匹配供给与需求。具体来说,在采摘季节确定采购的总数量;在销售季节结合产品新鲜度的演变以及剩余库存水平的变化动态地决策每周期的销售量,以实现期望利润的最大化。我们采用动态规划模型分析销售期的库存管理决策,刻画了利润函数和最优决策的结构性质,并考察了库存量、新鲜度水平和价格等参数对最优库存决策的影响。数值实验结果表明,当产品变质风险大、需求不确定性低时,动态库存管理策略相比静态策略的利润改进效果更为显著。 相似文献
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研究了由单个供应商和零售商组成的供应链中,零售商进行质量控制的条件下,供应链成员对市场需求的过度自信如何影响其库存管理决策和供应商的质量投资。分析了零售商管理库存、供应商管理库存和集中决策三种供应链库存管理模式下供应链成员库存和质量投资决策的博弈均衡,并通过与完全理性下均衡结果的比较探讨了过度自信对供应链成员库存决策、质量投资和利润等的冲击。研究表明,在零售商管理库存模式下,过度自信的决策者对库存量的决策受其心理预期市场需求的正向影响,而在供应商管理库存和集中决策模式下则相反。 相似文献
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针对具有风险厌恶的零售商,建立了权衡期望利润和条件风险值(CVaR)的均值-风险库存优化模型,给出了离散需求分布不确定条件下能实现帕累托最优但具有较高保守性和非帕累托最优但具有较低保守性的两种鲁棒对应。针对不确定需求分布,在仅知历史需求样本数据情况下,应用统计推断理论构建了满足一定置信水平的基于似然估计的需求概率分布不确定集。在此基础上,运用拉格朗日对偶理论,将上述两种鲁棒对应模型转化为易于求解的凹优化问题,并证明了其与原问题的等价性。最后,针对实际案例进行了数值计算,分析了不同系统参数和样本规模对零售商最优库存决策及其运作绩效的影响,并给出了零售商期望利润和条件风险值两个目标权衡的帕累托有效前沿。结果表明,采用基于似然估计的鲁棒优化方法得到的零售商库存策略具有良好鲁棒性,能够有效抑制需求分布不确定性对零售商库存绩效的影响。而且,历史需求样本规模越大,鲁棒库存策略下的零售商运作绩效越接近最优情况。进一步,通过对比发现,两种鲁棒对应模型虽然保守性不同,但在最终库存策略上保持一致。 相似文献
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基于Stackelberg博弈的变质物品分销网络设计模型 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
研究了一类短销售期的变质物品的分销网络设计问题.假定零售商的缺货成本依赖于分配给为其提供服务的分销中心的库存成本,供应商在销售期末给零售商提供第二次订货机会,供应商根据零售商的订货决策确定分销中心的最优选址和确定每个分销中心为哪些零售商提供服务,从而最小化总的运作成本(选址成本,运输成本,库存成本和变质成本),其中分销中心的运输成本和库存成本依赖于零售商确定的订货数量;而零售商则根据供应商的决策确定自身的最优订货决策,利用Stackelberg博弈分析的方法,建立了一类变质物品的分销网络设计模型,并使用拉格朗日松弛算法求解,最后通过数值算例分析了模型最优解对于参数的敏感性. 相似文献
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在供应商管理库存背景下,研究了消费者线上参考效应、线下库存效应以及渠道偏好对供应链成员运营策略的影响。利用微分博弈和连续型动态规划理论获得了独立运营、基于供应商服务成本分担契约的部分合作运营以及协同运营三种模式下的成员策略及绩效。由比较静态分析和对比分析发现:库存效应对生产量具正向影响,对产品质量、大数据营销服务和线下服务具负向影响;消费者不同条件下的线上偏好对企业决策有不同的影响;供应商服务成本分担契约能激励零售商提升线下产品服务,一定程度上改进企业独立运营的绩效水平。为进一步协调分散式供应链,在上述契约基础上设计了供应商收益分享及双边成本分担契约。数值算例发现:新契约在一定条件下可实现分散式供应链的完美协调;消费者参考质量过度依赖品牌商誉易产生"锚定心理",不仅会抑制成员生产和服务积极性,造成库存积压,阻碍品牌商誉积累,损害企业利润,也不利于消费者获得更好的购物体验。 相似文献
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本文主要研究非立即变质品的库存策略设计问题。以平均利润最大化为决策目标,构建了一个一般化的库存模型,假设需求受即时库存水平影响且在保鲜期和变质期内库存水平对需求的影响系数不同,持有成本和变质期内的变质率均随时间发生变化,系统允许缺货且短缺量部分延迟订购。进一步证明了当参数满足一定条件时,模型存在唯一的最优解。最后,采用牛顿法给出一些具体的数值算例,并对模型中主要参数的灵敏度进行了分析。结果显示:延长物品的保鲜期将有助于增加系统的平均利润;增加变质期内的需求比增加保鲜期内的需求更有利于增加系统的平均利润;对于变质率高的产品来说,其变质处理成本对最优策略和平均利润的影响不容忽视。此外,本文所构建的模型具有一般性,因此,其应用范围更加广泛。 相似文献
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This paper establishes an empirical model linking a retail firm’s inventory management effectiveness to superior competitive operational performance for specific product-line retail segments. Using 16?years of US retail firm financial data from the COMPUSTAT Fundamentals database across 12 distinct competitive retailing segments, we develop and test a time-series model that links several inventory management execution measures to the competitive operational outperformance of retail firms. The analysis presented provides strong evidence that measures of inventory management performance are not ‘one size fits all’ for the retail industry, and helps to explain why extant research has had difficulty linking inventory control policy effectiveness to operational performance advantages in retailing. We discuss the implications of these empirical findings on the study of inventory policy execution, and offer some guidance for further research. 相似文献
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Ruud H. Teunter M. Zied Babai Aris A. Syntetos 《Production and Operations Management》2010,19(3):343-352
ABC inventory classifications are widely used in practice, with demand value and demand volume as the most common ranking criteria. The standard approach in ABC applications is to set the same service level for all stock keeping units (SKUs) in a class. In this paper, we show (for three large real life datasets) that the application of both demand value and demand volume as ABC ranking criteria, with fixed service levels per class, leads to solutions that are far from cost optimal. An alternative criterion proposed by Zhang et al. performs much better, but is still considerably outperformed by a new criterion proposed in this paper. The new criterion is also more general in that it can take criticality of SKUs into account. Managerial insights are obtained into what class should have the highest/lowest service level, a topic that has been disputed in the literature. 相似文献
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既往有关库存水平影响需求条件下的库存问题研究中,通常对终端库存水平是否存在货架与零售商仓库库存水平的区别未作深入探讨。本文的研究认为,现实中许多零售商拥有仓库,其现有库存水平包括仓库库存和货架库存两部分,而影响需求的仅为与货架展示能力相关的库存,因此有必要对二者的需求影响效应进行区分。在明确这一区别的前提下,本文首先建立了供应商管理库存情况下库存水平影响需求问题的一般库存模型,给出零售商的最优订货策略;并考虑货架的容量限制,给出零售商启用仓库的判断条件。由于仓库库存仅在能够影响货架展示能力的条件下才能够影响消费需求,本文还进一步讨论了在零售商拥有仓库时,区分货架与仓库的库存水平影响需求条件下的最优库存与订货决策。这对于经营不同特征商品的零售商在进行是否需要拥有仓库,以及拥有仓库条件下的库存决策具有很好的参考价值。 相似文献
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关于有约束存贮模型的一个问题 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
现有教科书对有约束的存贮论问题的解决方法是用无限制存储论优化模型加上Kuhn-Tucker限制条件。实际上,这样的结果并非最优解,在实际应用中,它存在着订货次数过多、资源利用率低、总费用过高等缺点。本文在指出现有教科书中有约束存贮模型的不足之所在,并试图用反证法予以证明。 相似文献
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The inventory routing problem involves the integration and the coordination of two components of the logistics value chain: the inventory management and the vehicle routing decisions. In fact, the aim is to jointly decide on the distribution tour, from a distribution centre to a set of locations, and on the inventory policy for each location. Although many research investigations show great interest in policies such as transshipment or dynamic routings on the distribution system performances, these approaches are often criticised in practice as being too restrictive. In this article, we consider the inventory routing framework in a supplier integration context, i.e. a vendor-managed inventory with a consignment stock policy. Under such framework, we show that the transshipment brings more benefits than the classical context. In particular, we consider the case of static routings and we numerically show that transshipment permits to better optimise the distribution tours and to improve the global performance of the supply network. 相似文献
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This article considers the inventory management problem in a supply chain with uncertain replenishment lead-times and uncertain demands. The optimal integrated inventory management (IIM) policy is developed using stochastic dynamic programming theory. The IIM policy is contrasted with two pull-type vendor-managed inventory policies (VMI-1 and VMI-2) and a traditional retailer-managed inventory policy (RMI). Computational results show that in such stochastic supply chains, IIM performs about 23, 15, and 3% better than the optimised RMI, VMI-1 and VMI-2 policies, respectively, while two VMI policies are about 8 and 20% better than the best RMI. The basestock-based VMI-2 is a very good form of VMI. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the replenishment lead-times have the largest effect on the relative performance between IIM and other policies. Numerical examples demonstrated that the IIM policy has good structural properties and can be characterised by a set of switching curves. 相似文献
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We consider a continuous review inventory system where delivery lead times can be managed by expediting in‐transit orders shipped from the supplier. First, we propose an ordering/expediting policy and derive expressions for evaluating the operating characteristics of such systems. Second, using extensive numerical experiments, we quantify the benefits of such an expediting policy. Third, we investigate a number of managerial issues. Specifically, we analyze the impact of the number of expediting hubs and their locations along the shipment network on the performance of such systems and offer insights into the design of the shipment network. We show (i) a single expediting hub that is optimally located in a shipment network can capture the majority of cost savings achieved by a multi‐hub system, especially when expediting cost is not low or demand variability is not high; (ii) when expediting time is proportional to the time to destination, for small‐enough or large‐enough demand variations, a single expediting hub located in the middle of the shipment network can capture the majority of cost savings of an optimally located hub; and (iii) in general, hubs close to the retailer significantly drive down costs, whereas hubs close to the supplier may not offer much cost savings. 相似文献