间接估计技术在特殊区域人口预测中的应用——以杭州经济技术开发区为例

特殊区域的人口预测,需要用特殊的方法。结合特殊区域人口的个性特点,创造性地应用间接估计技术进行人口预测,是人口学的一项重要任务。对我国经济技术开发区人口发展进行科学预测,对促进开发区社会经济持续、稳定、协调发展具有十分重要的战略意义。杭州经济技术开发区具有独特的个性,但应用间接估计技术进行特殊区域人口预测的原理和方法,却有普遍的意义。结果表明,只要方法得当,参数科学,特殊区域的人口发展态势和规律同样可以进行科学的预测,为特殊区域规划建设提供重要的依据。     

城市规划中人口规模预测方法使用体系探索

对一些人口预测方法在兰州市和深圳市进行案例应用,通过预测结果的对比分析,初步总结出一套人口预测方法使用体系,仅供城市规划人员参考使用。     

统筹城乡的动态人口预测与分析

对未来城乡人口进行科学详细的预测,是统筹城乡发展的基本依据。文章以浙江省为例,简要介绍了以人口普查资料和抽样调查资料为基本依据,考虑城市化进程和城乡、省际人口机械变动参数动态变化的城乡人口预测的方法。并以浙江省为例,说明如何充分利用这些人口预测结果,为统筹城乡发展提供决策依据。     

社会动态人口承载力的预测--以云南省澜沧江区域人口为例

结合传统人口预测方法，本研究提出了结合人口与经济的新人口预测方法，并应用这一方法实证研究了云南省澜沧江区域的人口。这种方法有助于定量说明人口再生产和物质资料再生产的辩证关系。     

城市规划中人口规模预测方法评析

基于目前城市规划中人口规模预测的重要性,对人口预测方法进行全面综合的评析,总结方法特点,初步提出这些方法的使用范围。     

城南规划中人口规模预测评析

基于目前城市规划中人口规模预测的重要性。对人口预测方法进行全面综合的评析，总结方法特点，初步提出这些方法的使用范围。     

对近年来中国人口统计学学科发展状况的评述

本文对2002年下半年以来中国人口数据和人口统计分析方法的状况进行描述、归纳和评述,其中包括对普查数据质量的分析、生育率分析、死亡率分析、出生性别比分析、流动人口分析、人口老龄化研究和人口预测及其方法研究,以及对学科发展态势的评价。     

北京市未来流动人口发展趋势及调控思路

流动人口是北京市社会经济发展所面临的重大人口问题之一。本文运用多状态人口预测方法,在不同流动人口户籍转换率的条件下,通过多方案的比较,探讨了流动人口的规模和结构对未来北京市人口规模、结构和老龄化的影响及其程度;文章最后还根据前面的分析结果对流动人口的调控思路做了初步的探讨。     

区域研究中的常用人口预测模型

人口是一国和地区发展的重要因素。准确的人口预测是制定国民经济计划、区域发展规划的基础。文章以甘肃省为例，介绍了线性回归模型、马尔萨斯模型、Logistic模型和GM（1，1）模型在人口预测中的应用，包括模型的建立、参数的求解以及精度检验。并分别用这几种模型对甘肃省2006—2020年的总人口进行预测。结果表明几种模型的拟合精度都比较高，预测值比较接近。取几种模型的预测平均值作为甘肃省总人口规模的预测结果。几种模型的平均预测结果为：2010年甘肃省总人口将达到2745．84万人，2015年将达到2840．91万人。2020年将达到2934．23万人．     

中国在人口预测技术上取得重要突破

2011年4月14日,国家人口计生委在联合国召开国际人口预测软件推介会向出席联合国人口与发展委员会第44届会议的100多位各成员国、学术机构以及非政府组织的代表介绍并展示国际人口预测软件PADIS—INT。     

Population growth under changed fertility schedule in stability conditions

"This paper aims to investigate some models for population projection under a gradual change in fertility schedule, and to evaluate integrals therein for their actual values....Some formulae for population projection have been derived under stability conditions. The proposed formulae are also illustrated with some numerical values of the parameters involved therein. The merits and shortcomings are also discussed." (SUMMARY IN FRE)     

Alternative Projections of the U.S. population

The U.S. Bureau of the Census recently released a set of population projections that include middle and high projections that we argue are too conservative. The projections discount the possibility of future baby booms and assume slow rates of mortality decline and low levels of immigration. In this article we explore the impact on the size and age composition of the U.S. population of alternative scenarios of plausible fertility, mortality, and immigration assumptions. We conclude that (1) the Census Bureau's highest projection might be interpreted as a reasonable middle projection, (2) a reasonable high projection would yield a U.S. population in 2080 some 300 million persons larger than the Bureau's highest projection, with the population 85 and older more than twice the Bureau's greatest estimate, and (3) uncertainty about the pace of population growth is substantially greater than the Bureau's projections suggest.     

从耗散结构理论看农民有序流动

文章运用耗散结构理论解析了农民有序流动生成的条件。农民流动系统的“开放性”是农民有序流动生成的前提；农民流动系统“远离平衡态”是农民有序流动生成的内在根源；“非线性的相互作用”是农民有序流动生成的外在动力；“涨落”是实现农民有序流动的重要途径。     

Inverse Projection and Back Projection: A Critical Appraisal,and Comparative Results for England, 1539 to 1871

Inverse projection and back projection are two methods for exploiting long historical series of births and deaths to produce estimates of population size and age structure, net migration, and vital rates. While inverse projection requires extraneous information on population size at scattered dates, back projection does not. In this paper I argue that back projection attempts an impossible task, and can only arbitrarily select one demographic past from among an infinite set of equally plausible and acceptable ones, which are also consistent with the input data. Inverse projection, on the other hand, is more modest in its goal, but is robust and straightforward. In an important and outstanding book, Wrigley and Schofield use back projection to reconstruct English demographic history from 1539 to 1871. In this paper, inverse projection is used to replicate their reconstruction under assumptions that are in important respects weaker, although these estimates are contingent on independent population size estimates for 1541 and 1696. The results buttress Wrigley and Schofield's reconstruction. However, it is argued that their data and reconstruction cannot offer independent evidence for the general levels of population before the mid-eighteenth century; rather, they help us to interpolate among benchmarks for which we have extraneous evidence, and contingent on these benchmarks, fill in the rich details of the demographic past.     

小区域家庭户预测的理论、方法与应用

小区域人口和家庭户预测越来越受到学界和社会各界的重视 ,但该领域的研究受方法论和数据可得性等的限制 ,还存在许多没有解决的问题。而且发展中国家的综合家庭户和人口预测更是少见。本文应用近年来有关家庭人口学、区域人口学、小区域人口估计的理论和方法的最新成果 ,采用多维动态宏观家庭户预测模型ProFamy,对中国两个区域泰和县和深圳特区的人口和家庭户进行了同时、一致的预测。通过实际应用 ,提出了小区域家庭户预测的理论、方法和应用的一些思考     

六普结果表明以往人口估计和预测严重失误

文章以六普人口年龄结构为标准,模拟过去20年人口进程及其主要人口指标,然后与其他来源的人口指标进行了比较和分析。根据六普结果可以判断,1990～2010年间的人口估计和预测存在的普遍问题是高估了出生人口数量,高估了生育水平,高估了人口增长,从而低估了人口老龄化程度。研究发现,由于高估出生和生育水平而导致的过分的统计调整,造成的偏差幅度甚至远远超过了原始调查统计的偏差,形成了严重的误导。这种状况反映出多年来人口统计上的迷茫,思想认识脱离实际。     

Some fundamental problems in population projection]

When family planning work in China developed, during the 1970's, the work of population projection also expanded. Population projections were done for China and its regions beginning in 1974 and remains a relatively new activity. Some question its validity, while others speculate about its methods and beleive only higher mathematics can be used, but this is all due to a lack of understanding of the nature of population forecasting. It is possible to predict population because if a current population situation and its changes are known, population of a particular future period can be projected e.g. for each year that is lived, a person will be 1 year older. And, population changes are primarily based on changes in births and deaths. These changes in turn are influenced by social and economic factors. Population projection is basically a forecasting of a certain period's total population, age and sex structure, the number of births and deaths, and migration. Different methods and formulas can be used to measure different population indicators, but all methods utilize comparisons. There are basically 2 methods for projecting total population: 1) the "direct method" regards total population as a quantity that itself changes and 2) the "separate factor method" breaks down total population into births, deaths, and migration. In the past, population projection has focused on the natural development of population which can be called "uncontrolled" because it makes "passive measurements" of possible population developments. In China, however, population projection is "controlled." Although it too measures future population developments, China's projections are not based on natural developments, but on definite population policies and estimates of results of family planning efforts.     

Uncertainties in the Composition of World Population in the Twenty‐First Century

Past interest in long‐range global population projections has been almost exclusively centered on future population size and, to some extent, on changes in the age structure. Uncertainties concerning future demographic dynamics are typically dealt with by preparing multiple projections, distinguished by differing fertility trajectories ranging from high to low. The usual assumption, that the constituting units of the global population— countries and regions—all follow the same variant projection (such as high or low), masks another potential uncertainty of future population dynamics: uncertainty in the composition of the global total by the relative sizes of its constituting units. Using a set of long‐range population projections covering the period 2000–2100, this note explores plausible ranges of this uncertainty with reference to six constituting units of the global population.     

The abs population projections: Overview and evaluation

The paper provides a brief history of the ABS projection services in the context of its role as the central statistical agency in Australia. It also presents an overview of the methodology used for generating the projections and details the procedures used for compiling the various components of change incorporated in the projections. The accuracy of the ABS past projections is assessed by comparing their results, both at the national and state/territory levels, with corresponding estimated resident population figures. The paper also describes the range of projection services currently provided by the ABS, lists present unmet needs and indicates some of the developments likely to occur in the future in satisfying unmet demand, consolidation of existing services and dissemination of output.     

Ethnic population projections for the UK, 2001–2051

This paper reports on projections of the United Kingdom’s ethnic group populations for 2001–2051. For the years 2001–2007 we estimate fertility rates, survival probabilities, internal migration probabilities and international migration flows for 16 ethnic groups and 355 UK areas. We make assumptions about future component rates, probabilities and flows and feed these into our projection model. This model is a cohort-component model specified for single years of age to 100+. To handle this large state space, we employed a bi-regional model. We implement four projections: (1) a benchmark projection that uses the component inputs for 2001; (2) a trend projection where assumptions beyond 2007 are adjusted to those in the UK 2008-based National Population Projections (NPP); (3) a projection that modifies the NPP assumptions and (4) a projection that uses a different emigration assumption. The projected UK population ranges between a low of 63 millions in 2051 under the first projection to a high of 79 million in the third projection. Under all projections ethnic composition continues to change: the White British, White Irish and Black Caribbean groups experience the slowest growth and lose population share; the Other White and Mixed groups to experience relative increases in share; South Asian groups grow strongly as do the Chinese and Other Ethnic groups. The ethnic minority share of the population increases from 13% (2001) to 25% in the trend projection but to only 20% under our modified emigration projection. However, what is certain is that the UK can look forward to be becoming a more diverse nation by mid-century.