An alternative measure of social wellbeing: analysing the key conceptual and statistical components of quality of life

Statisticians, policy makers and social researchers widely accept that there is a need to consider a more nuanced range of measures of quality of life that move beyond the economic domain and that take into account key aspects of an individual's life circumstances. Using data from an Australian household survey, a composite Wellbeing Index was created that covered objective circumstances, with known associations to wellbeing, evaluated from the individual's subjective viewpoint. The robustness of the measure comes from the fact that while covering a broad range of key dimensions, the index only includes the items deemed important components of wellbeing by a majority of respondents. The index was then used to explore the extent to which wellbeing is associated with other dimensions of quality of life that have currency in the contemporary literature. The study contributes to the contemporary debate on social wellbeing and adds new Australian evidence to a body of research that has been mainly based on European and American data.     

古汉语名状句语义结构分析

古汉语名状句是一种语义关系复杂多样的句子。我们借助《史记索引》、《汉书索引》对《史记》、《汉书》中名词做状语的情况进行了比较详细的考察 ,在此基础上来描写名状句的语义结构类型和名词状语的语义类型。通过分析我们看到 ,名状句中的主语名词与谓语动词之间 ,状语与主语名词、宾语名词及动词之间语义关系是多重的、多层的 ,而且状语的类型取决于动词的选择条件。     

The Structure of Subjective Well-Being of Elderly Hispanics

This study examines the structure of a model of subjective well-being in an oversample of the elderly Hispanics from the data of a cross-sectional survey. The covariation among the items of the Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) was viewed as a function of three correlated latent dimensions of subjective well-being including mood tone, zest for life and congruence. Confirmatory factor analysis via LlSREL VI was used to evaluate the measurement model of subjective well-being. The findings reveal that the model encompassing 10 observed items and three latent factors of subjective well-being was highly supported by the data. In addition, a second-order factor model of subjective well-being was not suitable for the data. Several important methodological issues are discussed.     

近十年来北京市城区居民生活质量之变迁--对1991年与2001年两次抽样调查的比较分析

本文以 1 991年和 2 0 0 1年两次抽样调查资料为基础 ,从 6个方面 ,选择了 9个主要指标对近 1 0年来北京城区居民生活质量的变化轨迹进行了初步的描述。研究表明 ,近 1 0年来 ,北京城区居民在物质生活方面有显著改善 ,但无论是 1 991年 ,还是 2 0 0 1年 ,生活质量综合指数得分都没有达到全面小康社会的标准 ,这说明进一步提高居民生活质量 ,仍然是全面建设小康社会的重点之一。     

社会地位、生活境遇与焦虑

本文运用定量研究方法,探讨了人们的社会地位和遭受不公正对待的生活境遇在焦虑形成中的作用。研究表明,社会地位（包括客观地位和主观地位）和生活境遇对焦虑的产生具有明显的影响,社会地位低的群体和生活境遇中遭受过不公正对待的人,更易产生焦虑。这些由社会地位和生活境遇等因素导致的焦虑对于个体的影响是偏向消极的;在社会因素的持续作用下,具有焦虑特征的个体增多,焦虑有可能从个体的心理问题转化为社会的心理问题。     

用认识论的方法剖析"从实际出发"

从客观实际出发,这是我们办事情、想问题的基本要求和根本原则.然而一旦主体把目光投向客观实际,客观实际便获得了"主体化的"形态.现实的、具体的"从实际出发",总表现为从主体化的实际出发.从客观实际出发与从主体化的实际出发之间的矛盾和距离,是主体难免犯错误的根源之一.加强主体自身建设,提高主体自身素质,是缓和这个矛盾,缩短这段距离的主要途径.     

The validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the Poverty-Related Quality of Life (PQoL) questionnaire

Measuring poverty in health care settings may help to identify patients living in poverty and also support development of appropriate policies to reduce health inequalities. The objective of this study was to translate the Poverty-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire into Turkish and then test its validity and reliability for a Turkish patient population. The psychometric properties of the scale were examined by collecting data from 300 patients in emergency departments in three randomly selected hospitals in Ankara, Turkey. The results of the study suggest that the Turkish version of the Poverty-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire has satisfactory validity and reliability.     

Limited Nomination Reliability Using Single‐ and Multiple‐item Measures

This article examines a variety of reliability issues as related to limited nomination sociometric measures. Peer nomination data were collected from 77 sixth grade classrooms. Results showed that, although some single‐item peer nomination measures were relatively reliable, many single‐item peer nomination measures using limited nominations were quite unreliable. Overt aggression nomination items were the only set of single‐item measures where mean classroom reliability estimates were .75 or greater. Combining multiple items led to substantially better reliability, as combining the two least reliable items for a category into a single measure made the composite more reliable than the most reliable single measure. Having more nominators in the sample also increased reliability. The limited nomination items overall tended to be less reliable than similar unlimited nomination items from other studies. The authors end with recommendations for obtaining the most reliable peer nomination data possible from a study.     

辩证看待社会主义市场经济的代价

从社会主义市场经济的追求目标、运用手段、价值主体及发展过程看,代价的产生有其客观必然性。同时,代价的产生与作为主体的人在思想、行为上的局限性和主观失误密切相关。社会主义市场经济的代价分为必要性代价和人为性代价,我们应客观地承认社会主义市场经济中代价的存在,并用发展的眼光看待它,正确把握社会主义市场经济代价的度,把必然性代价控制在最小范围内,减少或避免人为性代价的产生,使社会主义市场经济体制能顺利建成。     

Trust and Welfare State Reform: The Example of the NHS

This article discusses the impact of New Public Management on public trust in welfare state institutions, using the example of NHS reform. Discussion of trust in public institutions across political science, psychology and sociology indicates that it is based on both rational/objective considerations (competence and capacity to deliver the service) and affectual/subjective factors (shared values, belief that the trustee shares the trustor's interests). The New Public Management foregrounds individual responsibility and incentives for both suppliers and users of services, in the NHS example in quasi‐markets, management by target and patient choice. These accord with an individualized market rational‐actor model rather than with affective considerations. Analysis of attitude survey data on the NHS confirms that rational/objective and affectual/subjective factors contribute to public trust in this field. However, a comparison between perceptions in England, where the internal market has been vigorously pursued, and Scotland, where the purchaser/provider split was discarded after devolution, indicate that the market does not offer a royal road to perceptions of superior quality in the objective factors. Conversely, the more market‐centred system can make progress in relation to the more subjective affectual factors.     

相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体

尽管社会经济地位低于城市居民，农民工的主观幸福感却更高。这种客观经济地位与主观福利评判的不一致有两种解释：同质性参照群体假设和向上流动期望假设，暗示农民工在进行社会比较时会选择不同的参照群体。基于一项大规模全国代表性的调查数据，本文通过建构农民工的多个参照群体检验了上述假设，结果验证了同质性参照群体假设：控制个人收入后，同省其他农民的平均收入越高，农民工的生活满意度越低；加入农民的平均收入后，农民工相对于城市就业居民的生活满意度优势消失，甚至转为劣势。向上流动期望假设未获支持：城市就业居民的平均收入对农民工的生活满意度没有显著影响，而且这样的“零效应”可能并非由于向上流动期望的压抑影响造成的。     

价值的科学——韦伯社会科学方法论再探

面对现代社会中理性与非理性、主观与客观、事实与价值之间的紧张,马克斯·韦伯的社会科学方法论力图在对立双方之间搭建起关联并在研究中往复运动,借助包含价值的历史个体和理想类型,通过超越主客观对立的价值阐释,说明历史、文化与社会的各种独特现象,发现各民族和时代中人们的价值理想,理解先辈如何去坚持和实践它们,进而指导现代人在今天继承和实现这些价值。历史和社会科学,既要用理性的方法培养学人清明的理智,也要使人看到超越理性的价值信念,从而帮助人在高度抽象的现代社会中,以理性的态度去守护和坚持各种文明的价值核心,避免走向僵死的理性和狂热的非理性两个极端。     

人道主义的两种道德含义

改革开放以来,人道主义在中国的影响日益扩大。人道主义有两种道德含义:作为道德思想的人道主义和作为道德行为的人道主义。把人道主义道德思想转化为人道主义道德行为,需要两个方面的条件,这种转化的实现是一种精神的升华和道德的飞跃。     

实证、诠释与话语：以现代化研究为例

实证主义的“现代化”分析模式将“现代化”过程视为一种纯粹给定的、独立于社会成员个人主观意识之外的“客观性现实”,诠释学（或现象学）的“现代化”分析模式则将“现代化”过程视为一种由社会成员个人的主观意识建构出来的“主观性现实”;与它们都不同,多元话语分析学者则将“现代化”视为一种由社会成员在特定话语系统的约束和引导之下、借助于一些特定的话语策略而建构出来的“话语性现实”。与此相应,实证主义“现代化”分析模式的支持者们在对“现代化”过程进行研究时总是致力于探究支配着“现代化”过程形成和变化的“客观规律”,诠释学（或现象学）分析模式的支持者们则总是致力于考察导致“现代化”过程的那些个体行动及其行动者在从事这些行动时赋予其行动之上的那些主观意识,而多元话语分析学者们则主张致力于探讨人们将我们现在称为“现代化”的那种社会变迁过程建构为“现代化”过程的那些话语策略及其背后的话语系统（话语构成规则）。     

中俄犯罪构成理论刍议

中国犯罪构成理论在构建之初学习前苏联的模式,认为犯罪与犯罪构成的关系是一般与特殊的关系,而俄罗斯刑法理论已经修正了犯罪与犯罪构成的关系,认为犯罪的外延大于犯罪构成,犯罪构成中没能容纳的决定刑事责任大小的因素都由犯罪概念加以补充,这一理论进步值得我们学习与借鉴.但中国刑法理论与前苏联及俄罗斯一样,都把犯罪构成作为刑事责任的根据,笔者认为,犯罪构成之外存在诸多影响刑事责任的成立及其程度的主、客观要素;司法实践证明,仅以犯罪构成来定罪而无视其他主、客观要素的价值 ,将不足以支持量刑.构筑合理的犯罪构成理论乃是中俄两国刑法理论走向成熟与发展的必经之途.     

Adult and child deprivation in Hong Kong

There is growing interest in the application of Townsend's deprivation approach to provide estimates of poverty that more directly reflect the living standards of those on low income. The consensual approach is applied here using data from the second wave (conducted in 2015–2016) of the Trends and Implications of Social Disadvantages in Hong Kong survey. The article draws on a related study that identifies separate lists of items deemed “necessary for all” by a majority of adults (aged 18 years or older) and children (aged 10–17 years). Those unable to obtain at least three of these items are identified as deprived, and the profile of household deprivation is examined in terms of the family types most affected, age groups, and numbers of children. Further analysis focuses on the disparity between children identified as living in households identified as deprived according to information provided by adults and children whose deprivation status reflects their own views. Finally, the overlaps between deprivation and four measures of poverty—two objective and income based and two subjective and perception based—are examined and discussed. The results indicate that deprivation and poverty are different but that, however it is measured, more needs to be done to address poverty in Hong Kong, including further improvements in the coverage and adequacy of health service provision and social security benefits.     

Subjective Social Status,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility (2003-2013)*

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rura1 residents from the Chinese Social Survey (CSS) and China Genera1 Social Survey (CGSS) from 2003 to 2013, we analyzed the structural features and influencing factors underlying subjective social status in China. Our findings indicate that over these years, such identification has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin: those who “identify with a low social status” account for more than half of respondents, a much higher proportion than in most countries. At the individual level, the net effect on subjective social status of such objective indicators as education, income and occupation has been relatively small, and lessened over the ten years. The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and subjective social status is quite strong, but the upward impetus provided by perceptions of upward mobility weakened over the period. At the macro-level, the tempo of economic growth failed to raise the level of class identification, and income inequality had a markedly negative effect. Our research findings further demonstrate that curbing the income gap and increasing opportunities for mobility are important for raising the level of class identification during the transition period.     

社会心理测量中降低主观性偏差的方法探索——一项关于组织认同的测量思路与量表设计及其结果

对作为一种社会心理现象的组织认同的测量思路，从大的视野看，应该既从组织成员对组织与自己关系的内在体验和感受，也从其对这种关系表现出的外显性行为两个方面实施；从具体操作言，还应寻求组织认同中个体的主我认知与他我认知的统一，把二者的测量得分合二为一后，求对同一个问题的整合结果。测量量表的设计与编制应该同时考虑两个方面：一是在设计心理倾向测量的同时必须考虑测量内在心理和外显性行为表现两个层次；二是在测量这种主观意向倾向时应注意从主我与他我的两个方面。实际的测量结果有降低测量的主观性偏差和提高测量的精确度两个特点。     

激进民主、对抗性与霸权--拉克劳和墨菲后马克思主义政治规划的批评性解读

作为一种左派话语,拉克劳和墨菲的激进民主政治规划实际上是通过阿尔都塞和拉康等人的"反本质主义"逻辑把客观的"社会"存在改写成一种主观的话语空间而形成的价值立场,在其中政治的对抗性基础变成一种与社会条件无涉的个体对抗,政治本身变成一种霸权斗争(即话语争夺的斗争).正是这一原因,这种政治规划彻底地抛弃了马克思主义的经济基础与上层建筑之分、阶级斗争等核心理论.文章从后马克思主义诞生的直接背景及其理论逻辑解读了马克思主义的这种语言学转向,指出它是西方左派摆脱自身危机的一种伦理突围.     

杜甫诗歌审美意象的新变

杜诗在审美意象营造上最重要的创变是改变盛唐诗歌意象通常呈现的诗人主观情意与客观物象和谐平衡的形态 ,重主观感觉 ,突出抒情主体对客观物象的独特感觉、直觉印象、情感意态 ,创造出新鲜、独特乃至变形的审美意象和意象组合 ,给人以全新的艺术感受。这是杜甫对古代诗歌艺术发展的一大贡献