产业创新网络动态演进机制模拟与实例分析

产业创新网络是由产业内以创新为目的、相互独立又相互关联的企业以及企业间关系耦合而成的网络.产业创新网络的演进机制是其研究的关键内容，但这一领域的研究成果、特别是定量研究成果较少.文章基于社会网络理论，将产业创新网络描述为企业间以创新为目的的关系网络;企业节点及其相互关系构成产业创新网络结构，知识资本和社会资本是产业网络创新的基础，企业的进入与退出机制以及企业的行为决策影响产业创新网络的演进过程，基于此构建基于多智能体的仿真模型来分析产业创新网络的演进机制;中国基于TD-SCDMA标准的3G产业网络演进过程实例表明，该仿真模型能够有效反映产业创新网络演进的特点，仿真模拟是分析产业创新网络演进机制的有效方法.     

产品竞争的产业演化模型研究

本文以NW模型为基础,建立了产品竞争的产业演化模型,分析由不同企业组成并有新企业持续随机进入的产业的竞争动态,分析产业内各个企业的投资决策、R＆D策略、技术变化、产品创新以及产业特征的其他方面之间的相互作用。仿真结果表明,该模型很好地再现了生产异质产品的产业的演化过程中呈现出来的典型事实。     

The effect of knowledge collaboration on business model reconfiguration

This study examines whether and to what extent the presence and intensity of knowledge collaboration across different partners affects business model reconfiguration (BMR). We build on the business model (BM) literature and operationalize BMR by introducing the presence and intensity of collaboration and firm size effects as main explanatory factors in affecting the propensity of incremental and radical BMR. We analyze a large sample of UK firms during 2002–2014 to capture the effect of knowledge collaboration and firm size on BMR. Positively incremental forms of BMR will be influenced by the presence and intensity of knowledge collaboration, while radical forms of BMR are affected by the intensity of collaboration with customers and the collaboration with suppliers by large firms. Furthermore, firms of different sizes do not equally benefit from knowledge collaboration with suppliers for both incremental and radical BMR, while they do equally benefit from collaboration with other partner types.     

Internal knowledge generation: the research laboratory and innovative productivity in the pharmaceutical industry

As firms face increasing pressures associated with new forms of knowledge-based competition, researchers have begun to focus on knowledge acquisition strategies to the point of ignoring knowledge creation strategies. This paper investigates the impact of research centers in the pharmaceutical industry upon this neglected form of knowledge creation–innovation productivity. We find that firms with separate research facilities are more innovative than firms without such facilities. The results diverge when locational distance of the laboratory is considered for patent versus drug innovations, and vary across diversification types. These findings suggest that managers and researchers need to consider the relationship between the research center and corporate headquarters — and the role of the corporate headquarters — when developing knowledge generation strategies.     

A Study of Industry Evolution in the Face of Major Environmental Disturbances: Group and Firm Strategic Behaviour of Spanish Banks, 1983–1997*

This paper examines the story of the evolution of a specific industry through the application of dynamic strategic group analysis. In particular, we analyse the relationship between major environmental disturbances and changes that have occurred over time in the competitive structure of the industry regarding two closely related central questions. First, the way in which these environmental transformations have influenced group patterns and stability, and second, the way in which such environmental disturbances has affected the strategic positioning of individual firms. We resort to alternative theoretical perspectives in an attempt to answer both questions. The empirical setting is the population of Spanish banks over the period 1983–1997. We make use of a new grouping algorithm – the Model‐based Clustering or MCLUST – which may be enormously fruitful in future empirical works on strategic groups. This method allows researchers to obtain the optimal number of groupings over time in a much more objective way than the cluster techniques used until now. Compared to previous dynamic studies that only consider the largest firms, our research illustrates how a richer analysis of an industry dynamics can be obtained by using a dynamic analysis of strategic groups. Our results show that while there have been no industry‐wide identical groupings year to year, there is an important strategic stability at group and firm‐level punctuated by a high degree of strategic instability at times of major environmental disturbances.     

Which collaborations allow firms to become gatekeepers? A longitudinal analysis of a large-scale collaboration network

Having a gatekeeper position in a collaborative network offers firms great potential to gain competitive advantages. However, it is not well understood what kind of collaborations are associated with such a position. Conceptually grounded in social network theory, this study draws on the resource-based view and the relational factors view to investigate which types of collaboration characterize firms that are in a gatekeeper position, which ultimately could improve firm performance in subsequent periods. The empirical analysis utilizes a unique longitudinal data set to examine dynamic network formation. We used a data crawling approach to reconstruct collaboration networks among the 500 largest companies in Germany over nine years and matched these networks with performance data. The results indicate that firms in gatekeeper positions often engage in medium-intensity collaborations and less likely weak-intensity collaborations. Strong-intensity collaborations are not related to the likelihood of being a gatekeeper. Our study further reveals that a firm's knowledge base is an important moderator and that this knowledge base can increase the benefits of having a gatekeeper position in terms of firm performance.     

上下游企业间R&D合作网络形成及其社会福利

研发（Research and Development,R&D）合作网络的形成是企业在创新活动中进行合作的一个重要特征,数据表明,上下游主体间的垂直R&D合作比位于同一市场层面主体间的横向R&D合作网络更普遍。针对企业间R&D合作网络的内生形成问题,首先,建立上游供应商与下游竞争厂商之间同时选择R&D合作链接和R&D投入水平的博弈模型;然后,通过比较所有可能存在的网络结构下各企业的均衡利润水平,识别稳定网络结构并分析R&D投资的效率;接下来,分析稳定网络结构随着横向R&D合作溢出效应和垂直R&D合作溢出效应的演化;最后,通过比较各网络结构下的社会福利,分析稳定网络结构的有效性。结果表明：（1）垂直合作链接促进合作双方的R&D投入,提高合作双方的均衡利润水平;横向合作链接阻碍竞争厂商的R&D投入,随着横向R&D合作溢出效应的增加,厂商R&D投入的竞争效应逐渐高于其成本降低的效应,从而厂商的利润先增加后减小;（2）在适当的溢出效应参数范围内,完全合作网络是唯一的成对稳定网络结构;但是当供应商与其中一个厂商的垂直R&D合作溢出率较高时,稳定网络结构将会发生演化。（3）社会福利分析的结果表明成对稳定网络未必总是最有效的合作网络结构。     

The antecedents of new R&D collaborations with different partner types: On the dynamics of past R&D collaboration and innovative performance

We examine firms' propensity to adapt their R&D collaboration portfolio by establishing new types of R&D collaboration with different kinds of partners (suppliers, customers, competitors and universities & public research institutions). We argue that existing R&D collaboration with one of the two value chain partners (suppliers or customers) is associated with the formation of new R&D collaboration with the other value chain partner to ensure temporal alignment in innovation within the value chain. In contrast, issues related to governance and unintended knowledge spillovers suggest that ‘horizontal’ R&D collaboration with competitors only spurs R&D collaboration with other partner types if such competitor R&D collaboration has been discontinued earlier (‘delayed temporal alignment’). We posit that persistent prior R&D collaboration with institutional partners is an antecedent to the establishment of new R&D collaboration with industrial partners, and that discontinuation of a particular type of R&D collaboration is likely to lead to a restart of such R&D collaborative effort. Strong prior innovative performance is expected to increase the probability that firms establish R&D collaborations with new partner types, except for R&D collaboration with competitors, since the most innovative firms may fear leakage of proprietary knowledge to rivals. We find broad support for these predictions in a large panel of Spanish innovating firms (2004–2011). Our findings highlight that it is not just the configuration of R&D collaborations with existing partner types that predicts tie formation with new partner types, but also the intertemporal pattern of prior R&D collaboration and managerial discretion provided by past innovation success.     

The Impact of Trade on Intra‐Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity

This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra‐industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter‐firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity.     

An organizational learning approach to digital and non-digital firm acquisition behavior

Drawing on organizational learning theory, this study investigates whether, and how, digital firms' characteristics can alter the determinants of exploration and exploitation activities through acquisitions. Considering that digital firms intrinsically differ from non-digital firms as regards their resource bundles, cost structure, and growth strategy, we argue that these distinctive characteristics can moderate the effects of slack resources and performance feedback on the propensity to conduct explorative and exploitative acquisitions. Comparing large, U.S. publicly traded digital and non-digital acquiring firms, we empirically show that consistent with our predictions, digital firms' characteristics mitigate the effects of slack resources and performance feedback on the propensity to conduct explorative acquisitions. Yet, contrary to our predictions, the findings also indicate that digital firms' characteristics reinforce the effects of these determinants on the propensity to conduct exploitative acquisitions.     

Resource utilization as an internal driver of alliance portfolio evolution: The Qatar Airways case (1993–2010)

This article aims to understand the role played by resource utilization levels as a driver of alliance portfolio evolution over time. Based on our theoretical framework and on a case study of Qatar Airways (199.3–2010), we develop insights into the micro-dynamics of resource structuring in firms that possess an alliance portfolio. Our research shows that firms can create either their own or network resources with different deployment modes according to their resource utilization levels to remain profitable. We also emphasize that optimized resource utilization is a key driver of resource-structuring efforts in firms. Finally, we show that based on the focal firm's life cycle phase, the level of resource utilization changes and leads to various resource-structuring mechanisms that can be observed at the alliance portfolio level.     

集群创新合作网络的自组织演化模型及其仿真研究

通过刻画集群主体的理性创新合作决策行为,建立集群创新合作网络演化模型,运用仿真方法研究网络的自组织演化规律及拓扑结构特征等.结果表明,知识溢出效率越高,网络越快自组织演化至稳定状态,其资源配置效率及公平性也越高.知识非完全溢出情形下,出现合作主体间的影响力异类匹配,网络具有普遍的小世界性特征.知识的互补性并非建立创新合作关系的必要条件,潜在合作伙伴的网络位置也是独立于知识水平的重要影响因素.     

产业动态理论研究新进展

论文在产业动态理论的两大研究框架产业动态的动力源和产业演化动态内对产业动态理论的最新研究成果进行梳理,并着重对创新和产业动态的数量研究、产业动态的马尔可夫完美模型及产业生命周期和产业演化模型等几个前沿领域所取得的最新进展与所面临的主要挑战进行总结和评述。     

基于创新合作网络的产业集群知识扩散研究

创新合作网络是产业集群内部主体为适应创新复杂性的一种自组织涌现,创新合作网络结构决定了网络功能并进而影响发生于网络上的集群知识扩散过程。建立基于创新合作网络的知识扩散模型,在具有不同拓扑结构特征的规则网络、随机网络、小世界网络和无标度网络上,运用仿真方法研究集群知识扩散规律。将知识扩散效率与创新合作关系距离相联系,考虑知识的全局扩散效应。研究结果表明,具有无标度特征的创新合作网络能最大限度地提升集群知识扩散深度、知识扩散速度、整体知识水平增长效率以及具有最高的知识资源配置效率,创新合作网络中存在空间聚集的集群主体间倾向于具有相近的知识水平。最后给出促进最优创新合作网络安排的相关政策建议。     

How do actors shape social networks during the process of new product development?

Recent studies on new-idea generation and development have highlighted the role played by network structure in the genesis of new combinations or the process of selecting ideas. However, less attention has been paid to the factors that entice actors to shape social networks during the process of the development of new ideas.This research was conducted in an R&D facility of a semi-conductor company. We analysed the generation of five creative projects and their development over a four-year period. We used a longitudinal approach and collected data through interviews and observations to identify the creative contributions and the actors who were involved at different time periods for each project. We mapped the relationships between actors who contributed to the development of each idea through creative thinking and/or helped it to become accepted both internally and externally over three-year windows. This method generated data on network evolution.We also carried out a qualitative analysis and identified four main factors explaining why actors turn to others during the idea-development process: (1) to gain access to information; (2) to enhance credibility; (3) to exercise one’s influence; and (4) to gain access to knowledge through people or objects. We demonstrate that different types of ties or network structures are relied upon to reap different kinds of benefits. This may partially explain network evolution as an idea progresses through different development stages.     

Development of absorptive capacity over time and across boundaries: The case of R&D consortia

Absorptive capacity (AC) has been identified as the ability of firms to acquire, assimilate, and apply external knowledge, and thus as a pre-condition for learning from knowledge environment. However, extant literature has focused on AC as (1) a static and (2) a firm-centred concept. In particular, there is little conceptual framing and empirical evidence of how AC develops over time and across boundaries. Taking R&D consortia as the unit of analysis and based on insights from three in-depth case studies of collaborative R&D, our contribution is a framework for AC development over time and across inter-organizational, intra-organizational, and practice boundaries at different stages of collaboration in R&D consortia. Using this framework, we identify a set of mechanisms which enable the development of AC and we discuss the preconditions for these mechanisms. For R&D managers, our research implies that in order to enhance effectiveness of knowledge transfer and learning in R&D consortia they need to develop a strategy that (1) supports learning and AC development throughout the whole cycle of the collaboration, not only by focusing on intra-firm capabilities, but in particular by providing flexible interfaces for overcoming a variety of interaction and learning boundaries between heterogeneous R&D partners, and (2) enables the integration of created and acquired knowledge within the organization once the collaboration is over.     

How does the combination of R&D and types of knowledge matter for patent propensity?

This paper examines whether the combined effects of R&D efforts and the types of knowledge obtained from the invention process determine patent propensity. With this aim, we investigate a unique, manually collected sample of firms and the Spanish and European Patent Offices to analyze how the combination of R&D and knowledge codifiability, observability and simplicity influence the patent decision. Our results contribute to the literature and assist R&D managers by showing that codified knowledge has a positive impact on patent propensity. Furthermore, we find that knowledge observability and simplicity only influence patent propensity when they are combined with internal R&D expenditures.     

Exploring Strategy Implementation Consistency Over Time: The Moderating Effects of Industry Velocity and Firm Performance

In this paper we empirically investigate the temporal development of a firm’s strategy implementation consistency (SIC), i.e. the alignment between firms’ resource allocation decisions (RAD) and their articulated corporate concept (Noda and Bower, 1996; Burgelman and Grove, 1996; Love et al., 2002; Mintzberg, 1978). Doing so, we test whether (1) SIC is more likely to increase or decline over time, (2) whether firms competing in (low) high-velocity environments in fact show different temporal patterns in SIC, and (3) whether overperforming firms succeed in conserving their level of SIC. For our analysis we draw on 6238 RAD of 20 publicly listed firms with European origin over a period of 4–6 years. Applying maximum likelihood ordered logit estimation, our results indicate that the likelihood of an alignment of RAD and a firm’s corporate concept decreases over time. In line with scholars’ perception of high-velocity environments, we find that the firms in our sample competing under such conditions show no clear trend in SIC. These firms tend to “zig-zag” over time – swaying off and pulling back to their strategic course independent of the timing of the announcement of a corporate concept. We also find that overperforming firms are unsuccessful in preserving their SIC at the same level over time. Based on the empirical findings the paper discusses implications for theory and derives suggestions for corporate level managers on how to balance SIC and strategic flexibility.     

跨国专利合作网络中技术接近性的调节作用研究

技术接近性对于企业间的跨国专利合作具有重要作用.基于多维接近性整体分析框架,采用中国电力系统技术领域2000年至2008年国外专利合作数据,分析技术接近性对其他接近性的调节作用.通过构造112家中外企业的专利合作网络,运用QAP网络回归方法实证检验跨国专利合作网络中技术接近性在地理接近性和社会接近性影响专利合作网络中节点连接距离和连接重要性过程中的调节作用.研究结果表明,在考虑多维接近性共同作用时,技术接近性对网络节点的连接距离和连接重要性具有重要影响,有助于节点之间构筑较短的连接渠道并形成较为重要的合作关系.除此以外,技术接近性还能正向调节社会接近性对连接重要性的正效应,但对于社会接近性与连接距离之间的关系没有显著的影响.由此验证了技术接近性可以影响其他接近性与跨国知识合作关系的基本假设,为进一步揭示不同接近性之间的相互作用机制提供了理论基础.     

Inventor knowledge recombination behaviors in a pharmaceutical merger: The role of intra-firm networks

We study firms' abilities to increase the generative appropriability of their knowledge by studying the knowledge recombination patterns of inventors in the context of a merger between two equally sized pharmaceutical firms. Specifically, we study inventors' choices to recombine knowledge originating in the firm with which they merge. We hypothesize that mergers focus inventors' attention to units of knowledge originating in the other firm and that therefore, inventors will choose to recombine more of this knowledge, which exists in their intra-firm network, following a merger. We also hypothesize that inventors vary in terms of their recombination choices following a merger. We explore these differences by linking inventors' network positions with their abilities and motivations to recombine knowledge originating in the other firm. Specifically, we hypothesize an inverted-U shaped relationship between centrality and knowledge recombination from the other firm and a linear relationship between brokerage and knowledge recombination from the other firm. We test our hypotheses using patent data from the merger between Bristol-Myers and Squibb and find support for our hypotheses. The paper contributes to knowledge recombination research by exploring changes in knowledge recombination dynamics following a merger and by understanding how mergers affect firms’ generative research trajectories. Practically, we suggest that managers should identify and nurture certain types of inventors following a merger to be able to better leverage the knowledge bases of merging firms.