新中国70年农业经营体制的历史变迁与政策启示

农业经营体制是农村政策的基石,是历来农业农村改革的重要内容。本文梳理了新中国70年农业经营体制的5个发展阶段,运用农业生产"统分结合"与制度变迁理论的分析框架,从理论上阐释了我国农业经营体制的变化规律,形成如下研究结论:第一,市场与政府共同决定着农业经营体制的变迁,政府的"有意"越位与"无意"缺位是统分关系长期失衡的制度性原因,形成了农业经营体制强制调整与自我调节的两类变迁路径。第二,生产关系调整能否适应生产力发展是决定制度变迁能否持续的前提,也是检验农业经营体制生命力的试金石。第三,政府主导的农业经营体制强制性变迁易陷入"统"的过多或"分"的过细的不协调状态。最四,70年来农业经营体制呈现出从家庭经营走向以家庭经营为基础的变化轨迹,再次表达了以家庭经营为基础的天然合理性。本文的研究结论对完善我国农业经营体制具有一定启示作用。     

体制的“利己主义”

出什么事都说是"体制问题",固然有些简单化,但今天再也无法低估"体制"中的某些破坏性因素对建构一个秩序良好的公平社会的杀伤力。"既得利益集团"是寄生于体制下的,这是常识。在北京,针对大学生的招聘最近出现这种现象:一份起薪6000元的工作,与起薪不足3000元但解决北京市户口的工作,     

破除“体制病”

改革的核心任务是打破旧体制,但旧体制的惯性作用依然很大,如何保证体制顺利转轨?必须把增投入与建机制有机结合起来,使增加的投入能够"买"来新机制。发令枪已经打响,这是县级公立医院改革目前所处的状态。9月25日,安徽县级公立医院综合改革工作会议召开,明确的改革思路仍然是以"点"上突破带动"面"上推进的路径。按照改革时间表,11月1日在21个试点县启动,12月15日在74个县(市、     

中央一号文件将聚焦农业经营体制

2013年中央一号文件有望聚焦农业经营体制,这将是中央一号文件连续第十年聚焦"三农"。从新中国农业经济变化过程看,每一次农业经营体系的变革都对中国社会产生了深刻的影响。同样,对加快欠发达地区农业现代化、产业化,促进区域经济更好更快地协调发展,推进早日全面建成小康社会都是不可或缺的正能量。     

关于国有商业银行财务管理体制的思考

<正> 变革现行财务管理体制,构建国有商业银行的财务管理工程体系,是市场经济发展对国有商业银行财务管理提出的挑战。 (一)国有商业银行财务管理体制中的目标定位 国有商业银行的财务经营活动,是拥有国有资产的货币经营单位的财务行为,属于国有资本财务体系范畴,也是国民经济价值中企业价值运动的重要方面。国有商业银行财务管理目标,是财务管理体制运行所欲达到的目的,也是分析、评价其财务管理体制设置合理与否的重要指标。因此,研究国有商业银行的财务管理体制,需要从国有银行财务管理目标定位出发。     

变革中的财政体制思考

新中国财政走过了五十多年的曲折发展历程,财政体制也经历了由高度集中的计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨的重大变迁。其变迁路径可概括为:中央集权型“统收统支”体制——行政性分权型“财政包干”体制     

文化体制改革背景下报业集团多元化经营探索

"十二五"期间,报业经济正处于国家文化大发展大繁荣的背景下,随着国家文化体制改革的进一步开展和深入,报业集团创新体制,拓宽渠道,尝试多元化经营,探索利润新增长点。     

纠偏差,补短板 筑牢医药卫生体制大厦

建国以来,我国医药卫生事业发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,基本解决了世界第一人口大国的"看病就医"问题。现阶段,按照医改总体部署,我国正在抓紧构建以"四梁八柱"为框架、有中国特色的医药卫生体制"大厦",为实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务,提高全民健康水平提供制度保障。但是,笔者研究发现,我国现行医药卫生体制还有以下缺陷:一是在发展理念上出现了"偏离";二是在制度设计上存在两大"偏     

农村市场经济体制建设三题

农村市场经济体制建设是我国社会主义市场经济体制建设的重要组成部分。大力发展农村社会主义市场经济，是我国农业的根本出路，是亿万农民奔小康的关键所在，也是农村经济发展的必然趋势。那么怎样加快我国农村市场经济体制建设呢？我们认为，加快农村市场经济体制建设，必须在培育农村市场主体，健全农村市场体系，强化政府对农村市场经济宏观调控上狠下功夫。一、培育农村市场主体是农户而不是农民，因为农民与工人一样只是劳动者，而不是生产经营单位农村市场主体，是指参与农村商品生产和经营的广大农户和各类乡镇企业及经济组织。建立…     

中国乡村债务体制的分析

本文揭示了中国乡村债务形成的体制根源,并且基于新公共管理视角探讨了乡村债务治理的基本路径。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.