政府基金政策对WEEE回收处理的引导作用及效果分析

为了规范废弃电器电子产品（WEEE）的回收处理，2012年开始政府通过向生产企业征收基金、同时给予回收处理企业定额补贴的措施引导回收行业的有序开展，但现行基金政策在实施过程中面临着资金缺口的挑战，因此有必要探讨更加创新的激励约束机制。本文主要分析现行基金政策、资金平衡政策、以及基金减免政策对生产企业和回收处理企业的影响，通过比较企业利润、消费者剩余、环境收益、社会福利和政府资金投入等指标，综合评估三类政策的效果。研究结果表明，现行基金政策下生产企业缺少动力在生态设计、绿色生产等方面付诸环保努力，因此限制了废弃产品资源化的效率和效益。相对于现行基金政策，资金平衡政策的优势和劣势均较为突出，优势在于避免了政府财政负担，但劣势在于对生产企业的冲击过大，导致消费者剩余和社会福利下降。比较而言，基金减免政策在向生产企业征收处理基金的同时，还将根据废弃产品的处理数量给予生产企业相应的减免额度，这种压力与动力并举的措施能够更好地调动生产企业履行环境责任的积极性，激励生产企业与回收处理企业的共同努力。从评估指标来看，基金减免政策在提升WEEE的回收处理数量，改善回收处理企业的盈利状况，以及提高环境收益，降低政府开支方面具有显著的优越性。     

政府碳税与补贴政策对外包再制造影响研究

为分析政府碳税与补贴政策对外包再制造影响,基于政府两种政策构建了外包再制造下制造/再制造博弈模型。基于博弈模型,对比分析政府两种对策对外包再制造下最优解的影响,研究主要得到：政府补贴政策可以有效提高废旧产品回收率,但只有当单位新产品碳税额度只有大于某一阈值时,政府碳税政策才会提高废旧产品回收率;政府采取补贴政策时,原始制造商通过降低单位再制造产品外包费用来获取政府补贴;政府采取碳税政策时,原始制造商通过提高单位新产品零售价格,把部分碳税转移给消费者;政府补贴政策可以同时增加原始制造商和再制造商收益;政府碳税政策可以增加再制造商收益,但只有单位新产品碳税额度大于某一阈值时,才可以增加原始制造商收益;当单位新产品对环境造成影响一定,并且单位再制造产品对环境造成影响与单位新产品对环境造成影响之比大于某一阈值时,政府补贴政策对环境造成影响最大、政府碳税政策对环境造成影响最小。     

实施建筑节能标准的宏观经济和环境影响测算模型研究

本文首先对实施建筑节能标准的主要经济和环境影响方面进行系统分析,然后对投入产出局部闭模型进行了改进,并结合数量经济和静态比较的方法,创建了实施建筑节能标准的宏观经济和环境影响测算模型。该模型可以从6个主要方面详细测算实施建筑节能标准对各个产业部门的直接经济影响、直接环境影响、完全经济影响和对GDP的总影响。模型测算结果表明,建筑节能的节能和减排效果显著,同时对GDP有小幅的拉动作用,随着建筑节能标准实施率的增加,它对GDP的拉动强度呈先增后减的趋势。最后根据对测算结果的分析,提出推广实施建筑节能标准的具体方法建议。     

能源补贴改革对资源效率和环境污染治理影响研究——基于动态CGE模型的分析

本文构建动态CGE模型,以化石和可再生能源补贴政策为对象,模拟不同类型能源补贴政策改革对经济发展、资源效率、碳排放及雾霾治理的差异性影响。研究表明：总体而言,能源补贴政策对宏观经济具有积极的促进作用,但在一定程度上会提高能源消费强度;不同类型的能源补贴政策方案影响的差异性较大,化石能源在促进经济增长的同时,对环境改善和碳排放目标实现产生不利影响,特别是煤炭补贴能有效降低能源使用成本,极大促进产业总产出和经济增长,但会不利于环境改善,对可再生能源补贴有利于能源利用效率提高和人均资源盈余改善,降低污染物和雾霾排放增速;因此,必须注重不同类型能源补贴政策协调性和差异性,短期内以化石能源补贴为主,长期而言,应逐步加大可再生能源补贴,更加有利于低碳转型和环境改善。     

燃油税、融资约束与企业行为——基于DSGE模型的分析

征收燃油税在实现节能减排的同时也会增加企业的财务负担。如何在保护环境的同时减少对经济的冲击,有赖于对燃油税的科学评估。本文构建了一个包含燃油税和融资约束的随机动态一般均衡模型,并基于1995年第1季度至2018年第2季度的数据对相关参数进行了校准和估计,系统考察了融资约束下征收燃油税对环境经济以及企业行为的影响。研究结果发现：征收燃油税对促进节能减排有显著效果;但同时也会抑制消费、投资和产出,增加失业,对经济产生负影响。此外,融资约束会通过金融加速器的作用放大燃油税冲击的影响。而且,当融资约束越强时,降低燃油税对经济的刺激作用也越明显。     

闭环供应链再制品消费补贴政策模型分析

本文从政府提供消费补贴以鼓励消费者选择购买再制品的视角,构建了政府消费补贴下的闭环供应链博弈模型,得到了政府的最优消费补贴策略,并探讨了政府消费补贴政策对闭环供应链新品与再制品的定价、供应链总利润、消费者剩余、社会福利的影响。研究结果表明：1）只有满足特定条件时,政府才需提供再制品消费补贴;2）政府的消费补贴在制造商和消费者之间进行平均分配,因而补贴政策对制造商和消费者均有激励作用;3）政府消费补贴政策有利于供应链总利润、消费者剩余、社会福利的提高;4）政府应引导制造商专注于再制造,将废旧品的回收交由第三方回收商来完成,这有利于提高废旧产品的回收率;5）政府消费补贴政策将造成再制品对新品的市场挤兑效应。论文最后利用数值试验对研究结果进行了验证。     

Lean Six Sigma applied to process performance and improvement model for the development of electric scooter water-cooling green motor assembly

Abstract

In response to the environmental issues triggered by global warming, worldwide companies gradually put the factor of carbon emission into the process of product lifecycle, developing green technology or adopting cleaner production aimed at sustainable development. Lean Six Sigma has advantages of cutting waste and facilitating process improvements as well as system analysis, helping enterprises create the overall business benefits in the value chain. Used in the renewable energy industry, it can promote the triple bottom line (TBL), the performance of sustainable production for corporate profit, social responsibility and environmental responsibility. Therefore, this work took the process performance of the electric scooter water-cooling green motor manufactured in Taiwan with the world’s highest density of scooters as a case study. The developed performance evaluation and improvement model for manufacturing scheduling and process quality achieved the goal of economic benefits of enhancing process quality performance by shortening manufacturing scheduling and reducing process variations with Lean Six Sigma. Besides, they could respond to the policy of energy saving and carbon reduction – replacing the traditional scooters of high-carbon emissions with the electric scooters of low emissions. Furthermore, they could bring enterprises into harmony with economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits.     

How Does Product Recovery Affect Quality Choice?

We study the impact of product recovery on a firm's product quality choice, where quality is defined as an observable performance measure that increases a consumer's valuation for the product. We consider three general forms of product recovery: (i) when product recovery reuses (after reprocessing) quality inducing components or material (e.g., remanufacturing), (ii) when product recovery does not reuse quality inducing components or material but it is overall profitable (e.g., cell phone recycling), and (iii) when product recovery is costly (but mandated by legislation, e.g., recycling of small appliances in the European Union). Using a stylized economic model, we show that the form of product recovery, recovery cost structure, and the presence of product take‐back legislation play an important role in quality choice. Generally speaking, product recovery increases the firm's quality choice, except for some instances of recovery form (ii). In addition, we find that product take‐back legislation can lead to higher quality choice as opposed to voluntary take‐back. We further demonstrate that both the firm and the consumers benefit from recovery form (ii), while both are worse off with recovery form (iii). However, environmental implications of the three recovery modes differ from their impact on consumer surplus and firm profit. While recovery forms (i) and (iii) reduce consumption and increase environmental benefits, the same is not true with recovery form (ii), which can increase consumption, potentially resulting in higher environmental impact.     

WEEE回收条例有效实施问题研究

分析了现行回收条例的要素和流程,采用两阶段序贯决策博弈模型比较分析3种不同回收处理模式下的利益相关主体的经济行为;以社会福利最大化为目标,研究了回收网络体系的建设、回收率的设定、回收产品目录的分类、处理行为的监管激励等问题.结论表明:制造商、处理商、消费者等相关主体对3种回收模式的偏好不一致,而制造商自行回收处理模式所带来的社会福利最大;最有效率的回收网络体系应围绕制造商单独回收责任展开;回收率的确定和回收产品目录的分类需综合考虑产品的环境影响、回收处理的成本/收益、处理行业和制造行业的市场结构;监督激励决策矩阵对生产者责任组织来说,是权衡环保收益和社会福利的一种有效工具.     

O2O在线回收企业再售策略研究

研究了O2O在线回收企业再售策略选择问题。研究发现:当制造商单位产品生产成本和处理商单位产品回收价格较低时,在线回收企业采取全部再售策略;当处理商单位产品回收价格居中时,在线回收企业采取部分再售策略;当处理商单位产品回收价格较高时,采取无再售策略。相对无再售行为的传统第三方回收而言,再售策略下O2O在线回收企业利润较优,故在线回收企业有动力进行再售,并且再售策略下消费者剩余优于传统第三方回收,而制造商利润降低。此外,全部再售策略下在线回收企业废旧品回收量优于传统第三方回收,有助于提升产品利用率,保护环境。     

The future of energy and the environment: Policy implications for electric power

Balancing environmental responsibility while promoting efficient restructing of the electric power sector is a primary challenge facing energy companies such as American Electric Power (AEP). These are issues that transcend the confines of business operations or regulatory procedures, belonging instead at the forefront of national (and global) policy on energy and the environment. Aligning effective corporate environmental strategy with good business sense relies upon a sound policymaking framework, and toward this end, a recent AEP analysis revealed several unrealistic assumptions and undesirable economic impacts of the emerging direction of environmental policy in the power sector. This study also identified numerous policy options that could lead to more feasible and sustainable alternatives for an environmentally concious, prosperous future.     

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES OF TRAFFIC LOGISTICS: THE ISSUE OF EMISSIONS

Companies are increasingly being held accountable for the life‐cycle impact of their products and services. Transportation is frequently a major component of this life‐cycle impact. Hence, to reduce total environmental impact, logistics managers will have to become more sophisticated in their understanding of how they can reduce the environmental impact of their transportation operations, without negatively affecting the cost or effectiveness of these operations. In line with this mandate, we quantify the dynamic impact of road vehicles on the environment. In most emission models, a constant speed is used depending only on the specific road type. Using such a model will lead to an underestimation of the effective emissions. It turns out that the differences with a more realistic dynamic assessment model are significant. The analysis here suggests that the policy consequences of these differences for both public sector managers and private companies are potentially quite important.     

新能源汽车闭环供应链的多级契约决策优化

随着环境问题的日益严峻,传统汽车工业面临巨大压力。虽然新能源汽车的绿色低碳为解决大气、水土污染提供了途径,但动力电池若回收不利也将对生态环境造成负面影响。文章着眼于构建新能源汽车销售及动力电池回收的多级供应链网络,在不同回收模式下对电池生产企业主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调。然后,针对动力电池回收体系不完善的社会问题,为政府找到促使销售和回收平衡的最优条件。研究发现:(1)当回收再制造利润空间满足一定条件,电池生产商倾向选择多回收渠道的模式,并且渠道竞争的加剧,对消费者和上游企业都有利;(2)当电池生产商同时参与正向销售、逆向回收上的收益共享时,"联合"共享契约可以实现供应链的协调、有效提高各企业利润;(3)电池的制造、再制造成本对回收价格和企业利润有很大影响,当技术革新、成本下降时,无论是企业还是消费者都可以获得更多的利润,进一步对单、双渠道回收模式进行选择,找出不同成本范围内的最优回收模式;(4)为了提高废旧电池回收率,政府通过征收环境保护税可以有效促进废旧电池的回收,并且最优税额随电池制造成本的增长而降低,随再制造成本的增长而增加。     

Life cycle environmental impacts of consumer packaging products in Japan

Several Japanese companies and the government are recently promoting a plastic ban and imposing a tax levy to curb litter and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to a rapid rise of nonplastic packaging alternatives. While plastics and litter are pressing concerns, it is paramount to examine environmental risks of other alternatives before wide application and legislative action, to not further the risk of environmental damage. This study aims to quantify and compare plastic products such as polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) bottles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags with widely available alternatives in Japan like glass bottles, aluminum bottles, paper bags, and textile bags, to find a product with the least environmental impact. A life cycle assessment is conducted from a cradle-to-grave environmental impact approach that includes raw material extraction, production, transportation, end-of-life treatment, and disposal. Sixteen impact categories including climate change, acidification, aquatic-toxicity, so forth, and weighing is assessed using the MiLCA software. The functional unit is one piece of each packaging product, and impacts of product-filling, storage, recycling, and reuse are excluded for a consistent comparison. HDPE bags performed better than paper and textile bags in 15 of the 16 analyzed impact categories. Similarly, PET bottles outperformed aluminum and glass bottles in 12 out of the 16 impact categories analyzed. Weighted results also highlight the heightened negative environmental impacts of replacing plastic packaging with widely available alternatives.     

基于处理基金和拆解补贴的电器电子产品CLSC研究

依据《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》,将处理基金和拆解补贴引入到电器电子产品闭环供应链中来。在第三方回收、制造商回收和销售商回收三类回收方式下,从拆解资质的视角,分别分析了每类回收方式中制造商的拆解策略。通过对三类回收方式的比较,依据单位处理基金的大小,得出回收方式对制造商申请拆解资质与否的影响。对具有拆解资质的制造商,得出分散决策下制造商的最优策略是委托销售商进行回收。合作决策下,制造商申请拆解资质也可能使系统收益不增反降,出现供应链不稳定的局面。因此,具有拆解资质的制造商应加大回收力度,确保回收率不低于单位处理基金和单位废旧品补贴之比;不具有拆借资质的制造商也要在衡量自身逆向回收渠道的竞争力后,再决定是否申请拆解资质。最后用算例对结论进行了详细验证。     

电商平台公平关切下低碳E-CLSC的决策研究

针对单一再造商与单一电商平台构成的低碳E-闭环供应链，文章构建了电商平台有无公平关切的分散决策和联合决策，并给出三种模型的最优策略。然后，分析公平关切、消费者对低碳产品的认知度等参数对决策的影响。在此基础上，对不同模型的决策进行比较分析，并设计"收益共享联合双成本共担"契约实现系统的协调。最后，采用数值分析验证文章的结论。研究表明：（1）电商平台不理性的公平关切行为不仅对再造商和系统运作不利，对自身也不利，而且不利于再造商和电商平台的合作。（2）提高消费者对低碳产品的认知度，不仅可以增加废旧品的回收量，而且可以增加再造商节能减排的积极性，有利于提高系统的经济效益和环境效益。（3）联合决策下，废旧品回收价格和碳减排水平最高，电商平台佣金最低，系统利润最优。采用文章设计的"收益共享联合双成本共担"契约可以实现系统协调。这些研究结论不仅有利于丰富完善低碳E-闭环供应链的理论基础，同时也为电商平台的决策提供理论依据。     

Sharing Responsibility for Product Recovery Across the Supply Chain

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs typically hold the producer—a single actor defined by the regulator—responsible for the environmental impacts of end‐of‐life products. This is despite emphasis on the need to involve all actors in the supply chain in order to best achieve the aims of EPR. In this paper, we examine the economic and environmental implications of product recovery mandates and shared responsibility within a supply chain. We use a two‐echelon model consisting of a supplier and a manufacturer to determine the impacts of product collection and recycling mandates on the incentive to recycle and resulting profits in the integrated and decentralized supply chains. For the decentralized supply chain, we demonstrate how the sharing of responsibility for product recovery between the echelons can improve total supply chain profit and suggest a contract menu that can Pareto‐improve profits. To examine both the economic and environmental performance associated with responsibility sharing, we propose a social welfare construct that includes supply chain profit, consumer surplus, and the externalities associated with virgin material extraction, product consumption, and disposal of nonrecycled products. Using a numerical example, we discuss how responsibility sharing may or may not improve social welfare. The results of this paper are of value to firms either anticipating or subject to product recovery legislation, and to social planners that attempt to balance economic and environmental impacts and ensure fairness of such legislation.     

Industry and the environment: a case study of cleaner technologies in selected European countries

The aim of this case study is to discuss the role of technology in addressing environmental problems. The paper tries to scratch beneath the surface of the increasingly frequent ‘quick-fix’ solutions to the present environmental problems, based on such beguiling catchwords as Cleaner Technologies, Best Available Technologies, and Best Available Technologies Not Exceeding Excessive Costs, etc., in an attempt to discover whether there is any substance in them, or whether they are just full of hot air. Recent data from case studies performed by the author in Germany and Finland as well as a postal questionnaire in Denmark are presented. The paper analyses and discusses the roles and responsibilities of designers, industrialists, and government policy-makers. It is argued that existing regulatory regimes, supranational industrial structures, and market mechanisms do not favour the development of cleaner technologies, nor do they promote a reduction in consumption patterns. Evidence from ongoing empirical research in Northwest Europe suggests that industry is far from developing and/or implementing cleaner technologies. The paper closes with a discussion of some of the policy implications involved and some examples of urgently needed further research.     

A goal programming model for paper recycling system

The conflict between economic optimization and environmental protection has received wide attention in recent research programs for waste management system planning. This has also resulted in a set of new waste management goals in reverse logistics system planning. The purpose of this analysis is to formulate a mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model to assist in proper management of the paper recycling logistics system. The model studies the inter-relationship between multiple objectives (with changing priorities) of a recycled paper distribution network. The objectives considered are reduction in reverse logistics cost; product quality improvement through increased segregation at the source; and environmental benefits through increased wastepaper recovery. The proposed model also assists in determining the facility location, route and flow of different varieties of recyclable wastepaper in the multi-item, multi-echelon and multi-facility decision making framework. The use of the model has been illustrated through a problem of paper recycling in India.     

Design for the Environment: Life‐Cycle Approach Using a Newsvendor Model

Introducing environmental innovations in product and process design can affect the product's cost and demand, as well as the environmental impact in different stages of its life cycle (such as manufacturing and use stages). In this article, we advance understanding on where such design changes can be most effective economically to the firm and examine their corresponding environmental consequences. We consider a profit maximizing firm (newsvendor) deciding on the production quantity as well as its environmentally focused design efforts. We focus our results along the two dimensions of demand characteristics and life‐cycle environmental impact levels, specifically functional vs. innovative products, and higher manufacturing stage environmental impact vs. higher use stage environmental impact. We also discuss the environmental impact of overproduction and how it relates to the different types of products and their salvage options. We find that although the environmental impact per unit always improves when firms use eco‐efficient or demand‐enhancing innovations, the total environmental impact can either increase or decrease due to increased production quantities. We identify the conditions for such cases by looking at the environmentally focused design efforts needed to compensate for the increase in production. We also show that the environmental impact of overproduction plays an important role in the overall environmental impact of the firm. We conclude by applying our model to different product categories.