和谐社会视野下民族地区纠纷解决机制的现状与变革

任何社会任何地区都不可能没有矛盾,少数民族地区不例外.但是考虑到民族地区纠纷凸现的特点,解决这些纠纷时应该有独特的思路.改革原有解纷机制时要秉持国家与社会互动的理念,具体措施包括吸收各民族"民间法"的合理部分,提高民族地区司法的纠纷解决能力,设立和完善多民族共事的多元的非讼解纷机制,理顺各种解纷方式之间的关系等.     

"分"与"合":多民族国家民族整合的逻辑

多民族国家是现代国家结构的普遍存在形态,民族构成的多样性、民族文化的多元性是这些国家社会生活的一大特色。如何通过国家公共权力,把一国内部各民族成员单位统合到国家政治体系当中,实现民族认同与国家认同的统一,建构和谐的民族关系,是多民族国家民族整合的终极目标和构建过程。本文从决定民族整合内在规定性的特殊矛盾出发,认为多民族国家民族异质性要素及其力量增长之"分"与国家统一性之"合"的张力,决定着多民族国家民族整合的逻辑,具体表现为现实性、政治性和构建性三个方面。对于多民族国家而言,承认和保护民族成员单位作为一种异质性要素的集体权利,则是缓解这种结构性张力的关键。     

多元一体与多民族国家政治整合

如何协调民族多元与国家一体的关系,是多民族国家政治整合要解决的基本问题,也是现代多民族国家面临的基本问题。"多元一体"是多民族国家民族结构的显著特征。我国是一个主体民族的多民族结构的多民族国家。"多元一体"理论是对我国一个主体民族的多民族结构的理论升华,也为我国多民族国家的政治整合提供了理论依据。在这一理论指导下,我国多民族国家的政治整合要以中华民族多元一体格局作为现实起点。     

国家政治现代化进程中的民族区域自治制度

民族区域自治制度是由人民民主专政的国家性质决定的,是传统政治制度走向现代政治制度的必然规律,顺应了多民族国家政治现代化的必然趋势,成为国家政治现代化的必然选择。民族区域自治制度的建立和实行,逐步实现了少数民族和民族地区政治权威的合理化、政治结构的分离化和政治参与的大众化,促进了国家整合、民族团结和政治稳定,又推动了多民族国家政治现代化的进程。     

浅谈外国民族政策中的语言政策

世界上大多数国家是由多民族构成的。多民族国家都有一个执行什么样的民族政策的问题。民族政策是指多民族国家执政当局在调整、安排各民族间关系,解决他们之间各类差别、矛盾、乃至冲突时所遵循的行动准则。这类政策在不同的国家是不完全相同或完全不同的。它们体现在各该国家的宪法条款及各种法律条文上,贯穿于政治生活当中。但现实情况是复杂的:有的国家宪法里肯定不同民族的存在,并载有若干有关规定;有的国家尽管也有许多不同的民族存在,但宪法却根本不予反映,换言之,这类国家当局不承认其国内有不同     

多元文化主义对多民族国家政治整合的启示——以美国和加拿大为例

国家统一与民族多元是现代多民族国家政治整合的基本问题.对美国和加拿大的多元文化主义处理国家统一与民族多元二者关系的实践考察及其局限性和不足的分析,对中国民族区域自治制度的坚持和完善,实现多民族国家中国的政治整合,无疑具有重要的启示.     

浅议当代资本主义多民族国家的民族政治建设

浅议当代资本主义多民族国家的民族政治建设朱伦民族政治是多民族国家政治生活的重要组成部分，它和阶级政治、政党政治及社会政治一道，在风云变幻的政治舞台上起着举足轻重的作用。在当代世界各多民族国家中，尤其如此。然而，也许由于多民族国家一般是以某一强大民族为...     

世界体系和民族关系:解读现代民族问题的一个视角

民族之间的交往行为在其所处的历史体系中发生 ,并从这个体系获得本质内涵。以民族国家为单位的现代世界体系对现代民族关系产生了决定性影响。由国家的政治结构和法律制度所决定的各民族在国家中的政治地位、经济利益和文化权利 ,是现代民族关系的本质。建立在排斥性认同基础上的民族国家观念制度及政策实践与现代国家多民族社会构成之间的矛盾 ,是现代国家内部各种民族矛盾和民族冲突的理论和实践渊薮。改善多民族国家内部的民族关系 ,必须从改造民族国家观念制度、重建政治共同体认同标准入手 ,其本身就是改造现代世界体系的重要内容     

周平:多民族国家中的族际政治整合研究

周平教授从民族政治学的视角展开对多民族国家中的族际政治整合研究,具体来讲,从国族与民族国家的讨论进行族际政治整合的理论预设;从当代中国的民族问题提供族际政治整合的时代线索;从民族政策的价值取向来展开对民族政治整合的反思;从中国民族国家的建构谈族际政治整合模式的调整;从区域主义边疆治理模式的提出进行族际政治整合模式的实践探讨。其理论贡献主要体现在三个方面:在民族政策价值取向方面,主张将"民族主义"取向的民族政策朝向"国家主义"取向的民族政策;在族际政治整合方面,力推将国家的整体利益作为多民族国家整合的出发点及核心点。在边疆治理方面,提出边疆治理的区域主义治理模式。     

试论民族地区政治稳定的基础

当今世界上,各多民族的国家和地区中,普遍地存在着民族问题。有些国家和地区民族问题处理得不够好,引起了各民族之间、各民族地区之间的严重对立和冲突,甚至把国家和地区引向动乱。 我国是一个多民族的社会主义国家,建国以来,党和国家制定和实行了一系列正确的民     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

多维互动:族际政治整合机制研究

多维互动是族际政治整合的一种重要机制,政府、社会组织、族员三者互动的结构、特点、方式、内容构成了这种机制的基本框架。其具有认知、理解、信任、包容等功能,这些功能促进了各族员由民族认同到国家认同的转向。因此,建构族际政治整合多维互动机制是实现各族员和谐共处、共同发展的政治保障。     

文化融合与民族大学生国家认同教育

文化融合是一种客观的历史现象,也是现今的一种社会存在状态;是民族关系的重要内容,也是文化得以发展的重要途径。国家的概念则是近现代才从西方国家传入的新鲜产物,是生活在其地域范围内的人们对其所在国家的认识、评价与情感,主要表现于国家政治共同体和结构层面以及共同的中华民族的精神层面的认同。国家认同于国家本身、于个人都具有非常重要的意义,其中少数民族的国家认同问题显得尤为迫切。而国家认同教育是国家认同构建中的重要内容和方式。学校教育是建立国家认同的有效途径。我国的各民族的文化融合是少数民族国家认同教育的前提与基础、有力保障、表现形式,也是少数民族大学生国家认同教育的高级目标,具有重要的意义与深远的影响。我国也从中国的实际情况出发,并吸收了中国历来坚持＂和而不同＂处理民族关系的宝贵经验与优秀传统,制定出了相应的民族政策,坚定地保障民族文化融合,加强少数民族的国家认同教育,促进国家的稳定与团结。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

中国穆斯林在现代化过程中的优势

在世界现代民族—国家的建构过程中,宗教信仰、民族归属、国家认同三者之间的巨大不相容性,以及由此引发的各种问题,成为许多国家现代化道路上的巨大障碍。尤其是对许多伊斯兰国家来说,如何处理这三者之间关系,并协调由此引发的伊斯兰教与国家政治、伊斯兰教法与国家法律的矛盾和冲突,往往成为现代化道路上最大的难题。但是在伊斯兰教传入中国,与中国社会的法律、政治、文化等等互相磨合、融通以至共存的过程中,这些难题已经基本得到了解决。因此,今天的中国穆斯林与所有中国人面临着共同的问题,那就是如何步入现代化。从这个角度来说,在现代化的进程中,中国穆斯林所背负的要比其他穆斯林更轻。     

“多元一体格局”理论视阈下和谐民族关系实现途径探讨

本文从＂中华民族多元一体格局＂理论视阈,论述了和谐民族关系的必要性与实现途径,要旨在于说明：古往今来,我国就是统一的多民族国家,构建和谐民族关系,始终是祖国统一、民族团结和国家安全的重要保障,也是增强中华民族凝聚力和当前实现民族复兴大业的关键所在;费孝通先生所提倡的＂中华民族多元一体格局＂理论,不仅是对中华各民族关系之历史与现状的精辟的理论概括和真实写照,而且对于我们正确认识中国国情,做好民族工作,构建社会主义和谐民族关系,亦有着非常重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

论社会冲突理论视角的旅游社会冲突正负双重功能——基于对西部民族地区旅游业发展的考察

以西方社会冲突理论为基础，结合对西部民族地区案例点考察的田野调查成果，从理论和实践两个层面上全面认识旅游社会冲突的功能：一方面，旅游社会冲突会产生旅游地社会资源损失、旅游地社会秩序破坏、民族心理受伤害、旅游目的地形象损毁、地方政府公信力流失等负面作用；另一方面，旅游社会冲突也具有重建社会关系、提高社会整合度、缓解社会矛盾等正向功能。因此，旅游社会冲突具有正负双重功能的辩证观可以为我国民族地区旅游社会冲突调控的具体实践提供一定理论依据。     

谁是“斯基泰人”?——论西方古典作家笔下的斯基泰人

今人学者对斯基泰人有狭义和广义之说。在古典作家眼中,斯基泰人只是北方游牧民族的代称,其族群范围随记载者主观视野而变化。本文通过梳理史料,发现斯基泰人并非一个生物学意义上的血缘族群,而是一个部落联盟式的政治共同体。