新型城镇化与城市发展的前沿探索——评《新型城镇化与城市可持续发展》

新型城镇化作为我国现代化建设的重大战略选择,是适应国内外发展大势和新时期、新阶段经济社会发展需要,以有利于产业和人口的城市倾向和提升城镇集聚效益为核心,以统筹城乡发展为手段,实现城乡一体化目标的艰巨历史性任务.新型城镇化之所以“新”,是相对于传统城镇化而言的.传统城镇化仅关注农业剩余劳动力及人口向城市转移,而忽视了城市空间承载能力不足下的人口过度拥挤、环境承载能力不足下的企业过度拥挤以及企业资源高消耗下的环境高污染问题,忽视了农业剩余劳动力过快转向城市下的城市公共服务缺失和非均等化、城市土地利用低效率下的城乡差距大拉动等社会问题,反映出城镇化非可持续性发展的现实.     

就近就地城镇化问题研究

农村剩余劳动力的转移模式存在异地转移和就地转移两种。农村人口空心化、"大城市病"以及二元户籍制度下农民工的城市融入难题是我国城镇化进程中面临的突出问题。就近就地城镇化以人文本,以经济发展为前提,以有效就业为基础,以城乡基础设施一体化和公共服务均等化为目标,达到人、产、城三者的融合,实现社会经济的可持续发展。     

我国城镇化与公共服务均等化实证研究

随着我国城镇化速度峰值的到来,我国经历由快速城镇化发展模式逐渐向内涵式城镇化发展道路的转变。其中,公共服务非均等化是我国城镇化过程中的突出问题。本文在我国城镇化时空发展特征的分析基础上,采用单因素方差分析的方法检验不同城镇化阶段公共服务的投入差异,研究发现：①不同城镇化阶段公共服务投入的种类侧重存在显著差异;②不同城镇化阶段公共服务投入的增长幅度不同;③随着城镇化水平的提升,公共服务的提升与城镇化率的提高不同步特征愈发突出。进而,基于分位回归模型在对地级市尺度的城镇化发展水平与公共服务的关系研究中发现,在城镇化水平达到51%前后呈现出公共服务投入的拐点,与城镇化速度峰值点相吻合。加快向现代公共服务型政府转型,推动公共事务治理的民主性、治理主体的多元化和治理方式的多样性,形成公共服务主体间相互合作、多元互动的社会治理结构是未来我国实现公共服务均等化的发展方向。     

辽宁城镇化进程中基本公共服务均等化建设的现状及问题研究

推进基本公共服务均等化是加快辽宁城镇化步伐和促进城乡统筹发展的直接动力，同时也是辽宁保障和改善民生、全面建设小康社会的重战略任务。虽然，辽宁省的基本公共服务体系建设取得了一些成绩，但是辽宁省基本公共服务供给不足、发展不平衡的矛盾仍然十分突出，实现基本公共服务均等化仍然面临许多困难和挑战。     

有序推进新型城镇化的现实困境及对策研究

新型城镇化是新型工业化、信息化、农业现代化发展的核心动力,是推动我国经济社会持续发展的巨大引擎,是全面建成小康社会的重要抓手。在现有体制机制环境下,将受到户籍制度、就业、住房、土地等因素的影响和制约,解决好这些问题,必须尽快把符合条件的农业转移人口落户城镇,并实现基本公共服务全覆盖;必须加快推进城镇住房保障体系建设,保证进城农民"居住有其房";必须全面提高城镇就业创业保障水平,使具有劳动能力者实现更高质量的就业;必须进一步提高城镇经济社会承载能力,增强对人口集聚和服务的支撑能力;必须建立完善城乡土地征用保障机制,最大限度地保护农民土地权益。     

非均等化到均等化:基于GIS分析的城乡公共服务设施布局研究——以重庆市长寿区公共服务设施规划为例

新型城镇化强调要推进城乡基本公共服务的均等化,保障和改善民生是十三五建议中各项工作战略的重要内容。合理的城乡公共服务设施布局,则是实现上述内容的重要保障之一。针对重庆市长寿区现状设施空间布局中存在的空白区和低效率等问题,根据均等化的原则,创新性地提出了适宜于山地城镇建设的公共服务设施均等化配置方法。即划分不同层次的服务中心,并通过G I S手段建立综合配置模型,对人口、交通、地形、聚集度等条件进行综合评价,将原有的"城—镇—村"配置结构转变为一种全面覆盖、集约共享、分级可达的城乡公共服务设施网络体系,从而提高了广大农村地区公共服务设施的集聚性、可达性和规模效益,实现了城乡公共服务设施的均等化布局。     

赤城县城乡公共服务概况分析——以赤城县尤家沟村和三山村为例

公共服务均等化是指政府为社会公众提供基本的、在不同阶段具有不同标准的、最终大致均等的公共产品和服务。为城乡居民提供均等化的公共服务,是缩小城乡差距、实现社会公平的重要途径。本次调研通过对张家口市赤城县尤家沟村和三山村进行实地调研考察,了解基本情况,进行分析总结并提出一些合理的建议以提高当地城乡公共服务均等化的水平。     

流动儿童社会工作服务的现实困境与未来路径——以南京大学流动儿童抗逆小童星项目为例

流动儿童在城市中的社会福利服务供给现状与发展前景是衡量基本公共服务均等化实现程度的关键指标之一,是流动儿童社会福利政策制定的重要依据,它关系到流动人口在城市的生活适应与社会融入,影响着农业转移人口市民化的进程,也会影响到全体人民的福祉和社会的和谐稳定.     

均等共享城市公共服务的路径选择

城市的基本公共服务主要是指为市民提供基本的、与这座城市发展水平相适应的公共产品和服务,基本公共服务的均等化就是为市民提供大致均等的公共服务,其内容主要包括：一是基本民生性服务,     

坚持高质量发展努力实现上海城乡基本公共服务一体化

实现城乡基本公共服务均等化是上海“十四五”期间的重大挑战,上海要秉承高质量发展理念,进一步提高城乡基本公共服务城乡一体化水平.规范转移支付制度,加强统筹城乡基本公共服务保障;综合考量人口、服务半径等因素,制定全面的基本公共服务资源配置标准;加大对人才激励的扶持力度,缓解郊区在专业人才上的匮乏问题;健全区以下财政体制,对郊区内部的财政扶持要合理统筹规划;充分利用社会各主体提供基本公共服务,推动社会服务业大发展.     

进一步完善上海郊区农民基本公共服务政策研究

由于长期以来存在的城乡二元结构,目前上海郊区农村在公共服务方面欠账依然较多,城乡公共服务水平仍有较大差距,农村地区的社会保障、义务教育、医疗卫生、公共文化等服务水平相对落后。上海必须从构建全球城市的宏观背景和实现＂四个率先＂的要求出发,坚持城乡统筹和区域协调发展,以基本公共服务均等化为基本导向,顺应城镇体系规划的调整和城市化进程的要求,进一步完善服务设施布局和资源配置,加快形成＂政府主导＂、＂多元供给＂、＂层次分明＂、＂重点突出＂的郊区农村公共服务供给格局。     

Coming Home? Patterns and Characteristics of Return Migration in Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Kazakhstan are all major destinations for labour migrants from rural areas of southern Kyrgyzstan. Along with searching for better income, younger men and women also migrate for educational purposes; children and elderly people stay behind. While older migrants often regard this separation from their families as temporary, younger people start to put down roots in places other than their homes and this has long‐term consequences for development in rural areas. The paper therefore looks into families’ multi‐local settings and why young migrants fail to return home. It also considers the potential impact on rural development including remittance dependency, an increasing shortage of qualified labour and new conditions of social care. The paper concludes with an assessment of the policy implications.     

Urban “slums” and social mobility

Informal urban settlements determine the wellbeing of a large section of global humanity. Yet there has been little research on their role in facilitating social mobility. In theory such settlements may foster human progress by linking rural–urban migrants to the services, contacts and livelihoods concentrated in cities. The article uses longitudinal data for South Africa to explore the magnitude of social progression among people living within informal settlements compared with rural areas and formal urban areas. It finds that there may be some advantage from living in an informal settlement compared with a rural area, but the effect is not strong. The impact may be larger in the more prosperous Gauteng city‐region than in other urban regions.     

武汉市统筹城乡一体化发展研究

统筹城乡一体化发展是当前推动城乡经济社会发展的迫切任务。本文通过建立指标评估,发现武汉城乡一体化水平略高于城镇化水平;城乡人口、经济、生活和文化一体化进程中,城乡经济发展的差别最为明显,融合程度最低,而城乡居民生活方面则融合程度较高,人口与文化融合度持平。而城乡二元户籍制度、土地的合理开发利用及农民权益保障、农村公共服务投入不足、农村社会保障体系不完善是当前制约城乡一体化发展的重要瓶颈。文章从法律制度层面、财政层面及组织体制层面分析了破解城乡一体化发展瓶颈的重要举措。     

Migration to less-popular rural areas in the Netherlands: Exploring the motivations

Migration into rural areas is often explained in terms of the rural idyll, the attraction of the countryside with its less hurried way of life in a quiet, spacious and green environment. However, this migration phenomenon has mostly been researched in attractive, amenity-rich, popular rural areas. This paper investigates the characteristics and motivations of migrants to less-popular rural areas using survey data (N = 664) for four municipalities in the North of the Netherlands. Our study shows a young group of in-migrants with relatively low incomes, but also a large proportion of working people and a considerable number of highly educated movers. Separating the motivations for choosing to live in a rural area in general from the motivations for choosing this specific rural area reveals that while the pull of the rural idyll is an important motivation for moving to a rural area in general, the reasons for choosing the specific rural area are a mixture of housing characteristics, the physical qualities of the environment, personal reasons and the low house prices in the area. Combining the motivations with the characteristics of the movers reveals the diversity within the movers group. Our analysis shows a group of movers motivated to live close to family and friends, consisting of return migrants, singles, the youngest and oldest age groups and also the lowest income group. The physical qualities of the environment attract a group of highly educated movers, people with high incomes and people aged between 35 and 64. The motivation of housing characteristics, referring in most cases to the availability of a specific house, is mentioned by a wide range of movers, but in particular by people moving from urban areas.     

青年新移民定居行为的城市个案研究——基于合肥市经济技术开发区住宅区青年新移民访谈

城市青年新移民指的是在我国城镇化进程当中产生的从农村户籍变为城市户籍的群体,以及户籍虽未变动,但在城市工作和生活时间较长,已定居或有强烈定居倾向的青年群体。作为青年新移民城市融合问题的一个具体切入点,从居住的角度,基于“定居是青年新移民城市融合必要步骤”的假设,以中部省会城市舍肥为研究个案,通过访谈式调查,归纳城市青年新移民的定居类型,并就城市青年新移民当前居住状态、定居意愿、定居策略与过程、定居影响因素等调研内容作出初步研究结论。     

On rural urbanization in China

The author reviews "the debate regarding rural urbanization in the Chinese literature and the political factions that support different positions. He also introduces us to the complexity of defining ?urbanization' in a Chinese context. He cautions us in the use of the common but important yardsticks for measuring basic data, such as growth in the officially registered urban population or an increase in the number of rurally registered people who change to nonagricultural registration status, that is, urban-registered status (nong zhuan fei)." A comparison of urbanization in different prosperous areas is made.     

上海城乡统筹发展的路径和突破口研究

上海城乡二元结构的深层次问题突出表现为:城乡居民收入差距仍然明显,促进农民增收的难度加大;郊区人口持续导入,对公共服务和社会管理的要求提高;农村土地和产权制度改革滞后,深化改革的条件尚不成熟;郊区城市化进程加速,管理体制和管理模式亟待转变;新城和小城镇等城乡统筹载体建设有待加强。上海城乡统筹发展要牢牢把握公共服务均等化、发展成果共享化、发展权利平等化内涵,坚持以城带乡、城乡一体、互动发展,以推进新型城市化战略为主攻方向,以加强城乡规划一体化为前提,以加快新城开发建设为突破口,以土地管理、集体产权、社会管理制度改革为支撑,以基本公共服务均等化为着力点,大力推进工业向园区集中、居住向社区集中、农业向规模经营集中,努力实现优化农村土地资源配置方式、优化城乡资源要素流动方式、优化城乡统筹发展方式,推进城乡一体化发展。     

'Reconnecting' the Unemployed

This paper discusses the potential uses of the Internet and other forms of information and communication technology (ICT) as a tool for delivering information services for unemployed people, comparing the experiences and attitudes of jobseekers in peri-urban and remote rural labour markets. The analysis is based upon research carried out in two areas: the first combining a remote rural town with a much larger, more sparsely populated, rural 'travel-to-work area'; the second, a centrally located peri-urban labour market. Survey research undertaken in the study areas gathered responses from 490 unemployed jobseekers. Emerging issues were then followed up during twelve focus groups. The study found that the use of ICT for job seeking remained a marginal activity for most unemployed people, but was much more important in remote rural communities. In these areas, jobseekers were more likely to use the Internet as a search tool and were particularly dependent on telephone helplines provided by the public employment service (PES). However, the study also found that a 'digital divide' was evident within the unemployed client group. Those with low educational attainment, the long-term unemployed, young people and those perceiving their ICT skills to be 'poor' were less likely to use the Internet. Although respondents in rural areas were more likely to use ICT to look for work, they also pointed to the overriding importance of informal, social networks as a means of sharing job information in remote communities. We conclude that ICT may have a future role in the delivery of services for jobseekers, especially in rural areas. However, policies are required to ensure that information provided through ICT-based services is locally relevant, and disadvantaged groups have access to the facilities and training they require.     

Is There Hidden Potential for Rural Population Growth in Sweden?

Rural depopulation is a concern in many countries, and various policy initiatives have been taken to combat such trends. This article examines whether hidden potential for rural population growth can be found in Sweden. If such potential exists, it implies that the development prospects for many rural areas are not as unpromising as they may seem today. If not, rapid rural depopulation can be expected and policymakers will have to increase their focus on how to lessen problems associated with population decline. We employ a combination of survey data and register data to identify the characteristics of people who have expressed a desire to move to rural areas and compare this population with those who actually do move to these areas. The results show that more people have rural residential preferences than the actual number of migrants to rural areas suggest. The findings indicate that there is a general potential for rural population growth; however, the characteristics of these two groups are similar and we cannot discern any group as constituting this hidden potential. Nonetheless, we argue that this potential is unlikely to be realized in terms of rural population growth and we discuss the further implications of these findings.