自治条例是民族法制体系的基本内容

自治区自治条例是民族区域自治制度的具体化。民族立法自治权是民族区域自治制度的核心,制定和出台自治条例是完善民族法制体系的必要条件,是对自治区立法自治权的具体落实,是对民族区域自治法原则规定的细化。研究自治区自治条例立法内容,必须以自治机关自治权为核心。自治区自治条例立法机制主要解决的是自治区自治条例立法的程序性问题,它具有主体特定性、程序正当性以及结果确定性的特点。必须尽快寻找到一条能够促使五大自治区自治条例顺利出台的有效途径。     

自治区自治条例出台阻滞的法律经济学分析

我国的五大自治区至今尚未出台各自的自治区自治条例.其原因是多方面的,但中央政府与自治区权力划分模式中存在的问题是最主要的原因,应当设法加以解决.立法环境中存在的问题一是自治区自治条例的立法时机不成熟,二是有关部门对民族立法的重要性认识不足.另外,自治区自治条例(草案)也存在立法悖论和立法质量等自身原因.     

广西壮族自治区自治条例之立法思考

广西壮族自治区自治条例立法曲折,其草案历经19稿,至今仍无法出台。究其原由主要在于对自治区自治条例的定位不准确,自身存在立法缺陷。在立法环境日渐成熟的情境下,广西应厘清对自治区自治条例的认识,适度掌握立法权限,制定出高质量的自治条例,为自治权的充分行使提供法律依据,为广西的民族法治建设奠定良好的法制基础。     

论自治区自治条例之立法障碍与突破——以广西为例

本文以广西为例分析自治区自治条例出台的障碍,主要包括国家处于探索和转型期、中央与地方权力难以划分和民族特色、地方特色难以突出和立法技巧欠缺等四个障碍,并从党和国家的重视、广西改革发展事业的迫切需要、长期立法实践已经积累的经验等三个方面论证了自治条例出台面临的机遇。最后,文章提出加快出台自治条例的7条原则、对策和措施。     

自治区的立法自治权及自治条例问题研究

自治区的自治权是自治区自治机关专有的权利与权力.法律赋予自治区立法机关特定的立法自治权,自治区的立法自治权主要是制定自治条例和单行条例.制定自治区自治条例必须遵循法定原则,维护法律的横向协调,构建科学的立法内容,实现制定过程的程序化,改革与完善立法监督制度.     

关于制定自治区自治条例的难点及对策

关于制定自治区自治条例的难点及对策毛公宁今年是《民族区域自治法》颁布实施１０周年。民族地区和少数民族对自治法的贯彻落实十分关注，对五个自治区自治条例出台翘首以待。近几年来，本人参与推动有关自治区自治条例出台的协调和研究工作，对自治区自治条例难以出台的...     

关于加快民族地方立法工作的思考

民族地方立法是社会主义法律体系的重要内容和组成部分,是民族地方得以发展的法律保障。但是至目前为止,作为民族地方立法的重要法律形式,即自治条例,在我国的5个自治区仍然是一项空白。本文以内蒙古自治区制定《自治条例》为例,阐述了加快民族地方立法工作的基本依据、所需条件、基本原则和具体内容等,以期对民族地方立法的发展起到积极作用。     

自治区自治条例研究

民族自治地方自治机关拥有法律规定的立法权。自治机关的立法权主要是制定和变动自治条例和单行条例的权力,自治条例是民族自治地方立法机关和政府行使自治权力的法律标志。自治机关制定自治条例是全面实施民族区域自治制度的需要,是自治机关行使自治权的根本体现。由于多方面原因,到目前为止我国5个自治区无一出台自治区自治条例。制定和出台自治区自治条例必须严格遵循法律规范、法定原则和法定程序,新修改的《民族区域自治法》和西部大开发战略的实施是促成自治区自治条例尽快出台的契机。     

比较学视野下的自治条例立法

在我国地方立法的多元体系中,自治条例立法具有特殊的法律地位。自治条例立法与一般地方立法的主要差异体现在其立法根据或权限的不同。与经济特区立法相比,自治条例立法具有相对独立性、无限性和较大的变通权。与特别行政区立法相比,自治条例立法的立法范围和权限相对较小。这一立法,既服务于中央法律在民族地区有效实施和民族地区政治、经济、文化特点的需要,又必须服从于维持单一制国家地方相对分权的需要;既不同于一般的经济特区立法,又有别于特别行政区所享有的高度自治型的立法。     

对自治条例制定情况的调查与省思——以宁夏回族自治区为例

全国五大自治区自治条例的制定都陷入了困境,以宁夏回族自治区为例考察,自治条例制定陷入困境的原因首先是制定者认识不统一,在几乎所有相关问题上都未能形成正确的共识,对自治条例的法性质也未有正确的认识;第二是立法技术问题;第三是全国的大环境事实上一直不稳定。相应的对策有:对自治条例的重要性、法性质和内容要有正确的认识;对相关问题要形成共识;要按照正确的制定路径制定自治条例,须国家最高立法机关和最高国家行政机关与各个自治区立法机构通力协作才能制定出自治区级自治条例。     

民族自治地方贸易管理自治权再探讨

民族自治地方对外贸易和边境贸易,是我国社会主义商品交换和商品流通在少数民族地区的特殊形式。民族自治地方开展对外贸易,具有得天独厚的地缘优势、人缘优势和政策与法律上的优势。民族自治地方具有开辟对外贸易口岸、开展边境贸易的自治权和享受国家优惠政策的贸易管理权。民族自治地方必须服从国家统一的贸易体制,改进和完善内部管理机制,依法严格管理对外贸易秩序,按照WTO要求尽快完善外贸法治建设。     

试论中央与民族自治地方的经济关系

经济关系是民族关系的核心和基石,处理好经济关系,对于妥善解决政治、文化等其他关系具有十分重要的意义。应规范、完善处理中央与民族自治地方经济关系的法律,并以此为依据,严格执行。中央与民族自治地方经济关系主要包括资源共享、财权划分、财政援助、经济自治等四个方面;中央与民族自治地方的经济关系总体上是良好、和谐的。     

论科学发展观与民族地区经济社会发展

民族地区是中国经济社会发展相对滞后的地区.建国以后,尤其是改革开放以来,通过国家的大力支持和各民族的努力,民族地区的经济发展取得了令人瞩目的成就.但是,随着市场经济体制改革的进一步深化,西部民族地区与东部地区的发展差距越来越大,促使我们反思传统发展观对民族地区经济社会发展的影响.而科学发展观的提出和确立,为民族地区打破传统发展观的束缚提供了理论指导.当然,更重要的是要在西部开发中落实和贯彻科学发展观,实现民族地区经济社会的全面、协调、可持续发展.     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

坚持和优化民族政策与民族地区和谐社会构建

制定和实施民族政策是促进我国少数民族和民族地区发展的重要保障,坚持和优化民族政策是加快民族地区和谐社会构建的重要举措,根据民族地区和谐社会构建的客观要求,加强对民族政策的针对性研究具有重大的现实意义。     

西部民族地区人力资源开发问题探索

我国实施西部大开发战略,特别是加入WTO后,西部民族地区人力资源开发问题的重要性就日趋明显了。针对西部民族地区人力资源的现状,应采取相应的措施,加大人力资源开发的力度,注重民族人才的培养及外部人才的引进,使西部民族地区人力资源的存量和流量得到有效的使用和发挥,促进西部民族地区社会经济的发展。     

可持续发展与西部大开发

本文联系实际,重点阐述了可持续发展理论的由来及其内涵,指出西部大开发必须走可持续发展道路,西部各省市自治区必须高举十六大旗帜,实施可持续发展战略,西部地区才能跳出贫困怪圈,全面建设小康社会,加快推进社会主义现代化建设。     

民族地区民营经济发展问题初探

改革开放以来,民族地区的民营经济出现了经济总量快速增长、发展规模不断扩大、经营领域逐渐拓宽等良好的发展态势.对于民族地区民营经济发展过程中存在的种种问题,要采取较变发展理念、增强自主创新能力、大力发展服务业、拓宽融资渠道和全面提高人员素质等措施予以解决,从而实现民族地区民营经济的快速发展,为民族地区经济的全面发展创造条件.     

中国民族区域自治的城市制度安排与制度创新

民族区域自治既包括农村区域自治 ,也包括城市区域自治。在城市化浪潮下 ,我国的民族区域自治正从以农村区域自治为主转向扩大城市区域自治的新阶段。城市化暴露了原以农村区域自治为主的民族区域自治制度的一些欠缺 ,即在城市区域自治的单位上 ,它仅有与自治区、自治州相适应的市 ,缺少与省、自治区、自治州相适应的自治市 ,不能满足中小民族、小聚居民族的城市区域自治的要求。在行政区划单位体系中增设自治市 ,是消解城市化与民族区域自治的矛盾与冲突的可行办法