中国传统残障观意涵再探讨

残障观是社会对人类身心障碍差异的总体看法和基本观点,与特定的社会形态相适应,随着社会结构的变化而变迁.当代中国社会中的残障研究领域极少涉及身心障碍文化观念问题,对于中国传统残障观意涵的认识亦不充足,仅有一些关于其形成演变的讨论,而这些讨论也忽略了中国传统残障观在不同历史时期、文化价值下的真实意涵及演变历程.本文通过对两种有别于"新残障观"的传统残障观的阐述,尝试"还原"中国传统的残障观如何演化成现今公众所认识的样貌,指出我国传统残障观在目前国际主流残疾模式中尚未占据主导地位,而只是这些模式某种程度上的补充或注解.本文认为,历史上对残障观的片面解读和理解过程直接影响了社会对传统残障观的理解,强调全面地认识和理解中国传统残障观是新时期残障者事业高质量发展的前提和基础.残障群体和社会公众需要树立文化自信,在了解本民族文化残障观的基础上,结合现代残障理念以更新和发展固有的残障观念,完善我国残障者社会保障法律制度,促进社会融合及相关政策服务输送成效和残障者需求的切实满足.     

残障模式的代际演替与整合 ——兼论迈向人类发展模型的残障观

残障模式是人们理解残障、看待残障者并选择相应行动策略的参照框架.基于范式转换的视角,提出残障模式的代际演替说,代内的修正、完善与代际的互动、整合造就了残障模式的复杂演化格局.以医学模式为代表的第一代残障模式从"疾病"视角转向"健康"视角,以社会模式为核心的第二代残障模式在反对社会压迫、消除社会障碍的运动中凸显对残障者的主体性、权利、能力与自由的认识.在吸收前两代残障模式合理观点的基础上,第三代残障模式即人类发展模型应运而生,它聚焦残障者的健康剥夺与能力扩展,以开放性姿态涵纳残障的多维决定因素,主张通过包容性、预防性干预措施促进残障者的福祉和发展.     

视障女性推拿技师的城乡流动与职业选择:性别与残障的交叉性研究

残障女性是中国女性的重要组成部分,她们具有残障者和女性的双重社会身份,是亟待关注的边缘群体.本研究通过对28名北京外来务工视障女性的田野调查,立足中国国情,探讨性别与残障以何种方式相互作用,造成对残障女性的多重压迫,从而使得农村视障女性通过向城市流动来摆脱不利处境,并形塑她们的职业选择.综合宏观、中观与微观层面的交叉性维度,本研究提出,残障与女性的双重身份在结构层面和表征层面相互交叠和制约,推动了视障女性的城乡流动,并在很大程度上将她们的职业选择局限于推拿行业.然而,立足于西方的交叉性理论多维度分析框架强调系统性压迫而忽略了权力对主体性的形塑,本研究在此基础上增加了微观层面的"认同交叉性"来解释农村视障女性的城乡流动与职业选择.     

隐形到可见:残障群体身份自我建构研究

社交视频日志提供了新的空间探索残障群体自我表达.本研究采用内容分析法,以B站29位残障博主的视频日志为对象,分析在新媒体环境下的残障群体虚拟交流现状以及残障身份建构策略.研究发现,样本中的残障可见性呈现出类别、城乡和性别差异;残障博主的身份建构策略表现为公开展示的残缺身体、补偿性的亲密社会互动以及自下而上的话语互动.同时我们也不能忽视在数字包容下的深度排斥现象,需要政府、平台、用户三方共同维护良性的网络环境,助力残障群体融入社会.     

传统文化符号与高校青年文化身份认同

文化符号是地域、民族或国家文化内涵的重要载体和形式。文化符号对象化的结构性机制可以反观人类整体结构、总体精神的发展,也可以使人反观自我个性的状态和形成自我身份认同。传承传统文化符号是青年文化身份认同的重要内容维度。当前消费主义文化下的符号消费对传统文化符号的异化表达,后现代虚无主义文化下对文化符号的碎片化解读,全球化下文化冲突对本土文化符号的挑战等情况不同程度地造成文化符号记忆断裂,影响高校青年群体的自我身份认同。为此,要与时俱进地推进传统文化符号的现当代发展;增强文化自信,不断增进高校青年文化身份认同感;运用高校德育教育体系,培养青年群体传承文化符号的文化自觉。     

杂糅文化下的身份危机——以《在一个自由的国度》为例

奈保尔是一位重要的后殖民作家，他于2001年获得了诺贝尔文学奖。在他的作品《在一个自由的国度》中，每一个人都处在文化杂糅的环境下，寻求自己的身份。本文以此为基础，从霍米巴巴的杂糅理论出发，对后殖民社会里的人的身份危机和试图对身份的重建进行解读。文化的杂糅使后殖民社会里的人对自己的本土文化产生质疑，面对处于优势地位的西方文化，身份缺失及重新构建便不可避免。奈保尔通过几位主人公如桑托什、鲍比和的身份寻求经历，表达了他对后殖民社会中人的精神状态的极大关注，也对自身的身份困境进行了审视。本文分为三部分，第一部分概述了霍米巴巴的杂糅性理论，第二部分析了在《在一个自由的国度》中处于后殖民社会的人们的身份危机。     

媒介语境中的男性身份研究综述

男性身份属于意识形态,是社会对男性的整体身份和地位的定位。男性身份的定位和男性气质的新问题是20世纪中叶以来西方社会科学和人文科学领域关注的焦点之一。梳理男性研究的发展脉络、理论基础和研究方法,有利于我们从父性、政治身份、文化身份等因素结合起来多元解读男性形象、男性的文化表征、男性身份的认同和重构男性身份等问题。     

我国编外教师身份认同研究（2010—2019）——现状与展望

身份认同是教师教育与发展领域的热点话题之一。编外教师是我国教师群体中处于边缘化的子群体,其生存现状和发展常被社会忽视。编外教师身份认同的研究对优化我国教师队伍结构、提高整体教师队伍素质具有积极作用。教师个体接受并认可当前所从事的教育工作也就形成了教师的身份认同,并将这种积极的态度转化为职业发展的动力,促进实践教学。目前,编外教师的身份认同研究多关注农村和城市中小学教师身份认同问题,研究方法多以量化研究为主,研究主题单一,今后要转变研究范式和理念,合理利用编外教师的优势促进教育教学发展。     

现代社会公民身份的职业认同

每个国家都是各种不同身份认同的结合体,如意识形态认同、宗教信仰认同、经济模式认同和社会文化认同等等;每个人也是多重身份认同的结合体,包括职业认同、性别认同、年龄认同、祖籍认同等等。在窦露蕾斯·拉格迪亚(Dolores la Guardia)和汉斯·古斯(Hans P.Guth)主编的论文集《美国的声音:文化与社区》(American Voices:Culture and Community)一书中,作者艾伦·古德曼(Ellen Goodman)认为,在现代社会中,生产方式的变迁孕育了社会生活方式的变迁,也孕育了公民身份认同的变迁,职业认同逐渐代替籍贯认同,成为现代社会人们重新找回自我的…     

青年农民工的身份认同和政治参与

在城市化过程中,青年农民工面临着身份危机。为了实现身份认同,青年农民工需要进行身份重塑,经由身份重塑实现身份认同是青年农民工个体获得明确身份地位的一次飞跃。除了实现身份认同,青年农民工还应通过政治参与的方式来融入社会,获得社会认同。由身份认同到社会认同是青年农民工在社会化过程中的第二次飞跃。     

Development of children's understandings of physical disabilities and stigmatization in a Japanese cultural context: Reflections of children in second through sixth grades

Stigmatization associated with disability is a culturally widespread social justice issue. Elementary school age is an important period for children to develop positive attitudes toward people with disabilities. This study examines Japanese elementary school-aged children's developing perceptions of disability and stigmatization. Following interactions and discussion about disabilities with the author, a guest teacher who uses a wheelchair, 118 typically-developing Japanese children in second through sixth grades provided written reflections on physical disability and stigmatization. Children in all grade levels described both positive and negative aspects of disability. Younger children's responses, however, were relatively positive, focusing on concrete examples of life in a wheelchair. Older children's responses focused more on challenges, and articulated their feelings and thoughts about disability in greater detail. Some older children also used the author's disability narratives to describe how they had overcome their own challenges that were not necessarily related to disability. Such differences in children's responses by grade levels are discussed in the context of Japanese socialization practices that emphasize sensitivity to stigmatization as well as empathy to maintain interpersonal relationships. Implications of Japanese cultural cases to professionals in Western countries also are discussed.     

Disability and Chronic Illness Identity: Interviews with Lesbians and Bisexual Women and Their Partners

Disability rights activists and cultural workers are articulating disability identity and culture. Through interviews with lesbians and bisexual women with disabilities or chronic illnesses and their partners, the present study examined disability/chronic illness identity on the level of individual, couple, and community. Participants shared differing perspectives about how disability/chronic illness identity relates to other aspects of identity, and about whether disability/chronic illness identity is fluid or constant. They described several challenges they have encountered in developing disability/chronic illness identity. Couples talked about developing boundaries and balance in their relationships, and about how disability or chronic illness has strengthened their relationships. A number of participants spoke about identity as intimately linked with community. Implications for community building are discussed.     

The Social Model of Disability Under the Shadow of the Revolution: Ex-combatants Negotiating Identity in Nicaragua

The social model of disability, which defines disability as the product of social discrimination rather than the physical, cognitive, or sensory differences of individuals, became the dominant logic of the international disability field with the 2006 passage of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. As such, grassroots disability associations around the world are advocating for new rights. These campaigns promote a new identity frame of disabled persons as a universally oppressed group. This identity, however, does not benefit all groups equally and actually threatens some. Using qualitative methods, I compare the usage of the disability identity by two grassroots associations in Nicaragua. Ex-Contra soldiers with disabilities use the identity to obfuscate their discredited history as “traitors” and, instead, represent themselves as unjustly discriminated against disabled persons deserving special benefits and human rights protections. Ex-Sandinista soldiers with disabilities also make claims, but only reluctantly as disabled, preferring to self-identify as war wounded. Because of changes in law, however, Ex-Sandinista soldiers are increasingly unable to make claims as war heroes, but must instead access benefits as persons with disabilities “in general.” This case demonstrates how actors strategically use the social model of disability in relation to local political culture and group identity.     

The unemployment of women with physical disabilities in Ghana: issues and recommendations

Unemployment among persons with disabilities is high. The situation is worse for women with disabilities as they experience multiple disadvantages on account of gender and disability. The condition for women with disabilities in Ghana could be more complicated, given the intersection of disability, gender, poverty, cultural beliefs and practices. As employment provides not only income for women with disabilities but opportunities for social participation and increases psychological well-being as well as self-esteem, it is imperative to remove barriers that hinder their employment. The current study examines issues associted with the unemployment of women with physical disabilities in Tamale, Ghana, and makes recommendations to policy-makers and practitioners in order to improve the condition of persons with disabilities in general, and particularly women with disabilities.     

Multiculturalism and Disability: a critical perspective

In an effort to counter discrimination and powerlessness, the disability community has espoused sociopolitical and cultural factors as defining characteristics of disability identity. This view of disability has replaced the historical medical model of disability as a deficit, and has had important implications for social action, political agendas, legislation and overall quality of life for individuals with disabilities. This article reviews current multicultural thinking, and offers a critical view of the advantages and disadvantages of positioning disability within the emergent multicultural discourse. Implications for future thinking and action to promote equal opportunity and self-determination for persons with disabilities as a cultural group with a political agenda are then advanced.     

Queers and Crips: Parallel Identity Development Processes for Persons with Nonvisible Disabilities and Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Persons

Traditional models of identity development are inadequate when applied to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons and persons with disabilities. The identity development and life experiences of persons with disabilities and LGB persons are similar in many respects including being raised/socialized by persons who are not a part of that group, and being educated to conform to the standards of behavior and appearance of the dominant culture. This article describes and critiques four models of identity development as applied to LGB persons and persons with nonvisible disabilities: stage/linear, issues/milestone experiences, social constructionist, and interactional. The authors propose an interactional identity development model for persons with disabilities and LGB persons that incorporates the significance of bio-psycho-social-cultural contexts, the influence of multiple identities, the fluidity of identity formation, and the importance of language.     

Disability Through the Lens of Culture

ABSTRACT

Effective social work requires cultural sensitivity and competency. Until recently, there was little discussion of culture outside of the contexts of race or ethnicity. This article is an exploration of the key components of culture with application to the community of people with disabilities. The language, history, stigmatization, economic concerns, common behaviors, and practices of people with disabilities are highlighted. A literature review of sensitivity and competency in cross-cultural practice is provided. The article furnishes insights into the lived experience of disability. Suggestions to help practitioners reduce the risks of harm and improve service to this population are presented. Content on disability culture is proposed for social work educators to infuse into core curriculum or add to diversity electives.     

A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions of Individuals with Disabilities Concerning Health and Rehabilitation Professionals

This paper examined the perceptions of persons with disabilities concerning their interaction with health and rehabilitation professionals. Data were collected and analysed with grounded theory methods, and resulted in a typology and a thematic analysis that found that: (a) most persons who perceived themselves to be disadvantaged by social oppression or stigma were also dissatisfied with health and rehabilitation professionals; and (b) those persons who de-emphasised the impact of disability either reported satisfaction with health and rehabilitation professionals or perceived their own efforts as being the primary factor in their ability to live with disability. The perceptions of respondents were, in most instances, mediated by dominant gender stereotypes.     

‘My grandchild has a disability’: Impact on grandparenting identity, roles and relationships

Being a grandparent is an important and valued role for many older adults, who often have strong views about the type of grandparent they will be and what they will teach their grandchild. When their grandchild has a disability, grandparents may have to significantly adjust their expectations and interactions. This research explores if and how having a grandchild with a disability influences grandparents' sense of identity and enactment of the grandparent role. Using qualitative purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 grandparents of children with an intellectual and/or physical disability residing in Brisbane, Australia. A thematic analysis identified three key themes characterising grandparent's views: formation of grandparenting identity, styles of grandparenting, and role enactment. The results highlight the critical role of grandparents when a child has a disability, illustrating that the grandparenting experience and role enactment may be universal with only the context and delivery varying.