资本市场开放能提高股价信息含量吗?——基于“沪港通”效应的实证检验

中国股市是一个典型的"政策市",长期以来存在着明显的"同涨同跌"现象,高度的股价同步性严重损害了股票价格引导资源配置的效率。为了增强中国资本市场的综合实力,推动中国资本市场对外开放,中国证监会与香港证监会共同宣布沪港股票市场交易互通互联机制试点(简称"沪港通")于2014年11月17日正式启动。"沪港通"实现了境内外投资者的双向开放,为提高中国证券市场运行效率带来了新的契机。基于股价信息含量的研究视角,本文利用2012~2015年A股上市公司数据,考察了"沪港通"对资本市场效率的影响。借助部分开放的试点机制提供的自然实验平台,我们基于PSM+DID模型研究资本市场开放与股价信息含量之间的因果关系,有效克服了以往研究所面临的内生性问题。研究发现,资本市场开放有助于提高股票价格的信息含量,降低股价同步性,从而增强价格对资源配置的引导作用,提高资本市场的运行效率。进一步分析表明,"沪港通"促进资本市场效率的潜在途径是通过知情交易直接促进公司特质信息纳入股票价格中或通过优化公司治理机制间接地作用于股价信息含量。本文拓展了资本市场开放的经济后果的研究,也为"沪港通"的进一步推行提供了理论证据。     

盈余信息与股价崩盘风险——基于盈余平滑的分解检验

以我国A股上市公司2003年～2015年的数据作为研究样本,研究了不同类型盈余平滑对股价崩盘风险的影响.实证结果表明盈余平滑对股价崩盘风险没有显著影响,但将盈余平滑分解成有效信息盈余平滑和机会主义盈余平滑之后,发现有效信息盈余平滑能够显著地降低股价崩盘风险,而机会主义盈余平滑则会显著增加股价崩盘风险.进一步检验发现,信息环境对盈余平滑与股价崩盘风险的关系存在调节作用,在信息环境较差的公司中,有效信息(机会主义)盈余平滑会更显著地降低(增加)股价崩盘风险.这些研究结论不但丰富了股价崩盘风险的影响因素研究,而且有助于深入了解盈余平滑在资本市场中扮演的角色,对降低股价崩盘风险、稳定我国资本市场具有重要的意义.     

机构投资者持股与股价崩盘风险的关系——基于市场变量的检验

"机构投资者持股对股价崩盘风险的影响是正向还是负向?现有研究文献并没有得到一致的结论，本文认为这个问题需要通过对市场条件进行细分来深入研究.为此，本文以2011年~2015年我国A股上市公司为样本，采用门限模型研究机构投资者持股对股价崩盘风险的影响是否会因市场效率和市场化程度的不同而发生变化.研究发现:机构投资者持股与股价崩盘风险之间存在市场效率和市场化程度的门限效应:当市场效率处在高水平时，机构投资者持股会降低股价崩盘风险，当市场效率处在低水平时，机构投资者持股会加剧股价崩盘风险;上市公司所在地区市场化程度处在高水平时，机构投资者持股会降低股价崩盘风险，上市公司所在地区市场化程度处在低水平时，机构投资者持股会加剧股价崩盘风险;在目前我国的整体市场环境下，机构投资者持股会加大股价崩盘风险."     

投资者关注与股价崩盘风险——基于百度指数的实证研究

如何促进资本市场平稳健康发展引发各方关注。本文运用2011～2020年A股上市公司样本，基于上市公司百度搜索指数，分析投资者关注对于企业股价崩盘风险的影响。分析结论表明，投资者关注度提升能够显著降低股价崩盘风险，同时此种影响在牛市样本中更为显著。具体机制来看，投资者关注度提升能够通过外部监督机制的补充和流动性增加两种机制，降低企业股价崩盘风险。同时，信息环境的优化同样能够起到积极作用。本文分析结论有利于进一步厘清市场投资者与股市崩盘风险之间的关联，为维护资本市场稳定提供政策启示。     

沪港通交易制度能提升中国股票市场稳定性吗?——基于复杂网络的视角

沪港通交易制度的顺利开通，拓宽了两地投资者的投资渠道，推动了我国境内资本市场与国际资本市场接轨，对中国 A 股市场稳定性有重要影响． 本文以复杂网络理论为基础， 基于最小生成树算法构建了沪股通市场、港股通市场和沪港通市场关联网络，仿真模拟研究不同市场网络在沪港通试点和正式开通前后四个阶段的抗攻击情况， 进而探究我国股票市场的稳定性． 研究表明: 随着政策的不断发展，沪股通和港股通市场网络在保持局部聚集性的同时不断融合; 沪股通市场网络具有较强的聚集性，而港股通市场网络相对分散; 面对随意攻击不同市场均可保持较好的鲁棒性，而面对恶意攻击则呈现一定的脆弱性; 沪港通政策正式开通后， 两市网络的不断融合提高了股票市场的稳定性． 研究结论为我国股票市场稳定性研究提供了新 的思路，同时也为监管者制定监管政策和上市公司维护股价稳定，提供了新的启示．     

监督还是掏空:大股东持股比例与股价崩盘风险

随着大股东持股比例的上升,究竟会导致大股东更有动力监督管理层,并降低其掏空动机,还是更有能力掏空上市公司、损害中小投资者的利益呢?为此,本文以2003~2012年中国A股上市公司为样本,考察了大股东持股比例对股价崩盘风险的影响。研究发现,随着第一大股东持股比例的提高,未来股价崩盘风险显著下降;在控制了内生性等问题之后,该结论依然成立。这支持了"监督效应"和"更少掏空效应",但不支持"更多掏空效应"。进一步分析表明,大股东持股同时通过"监督效应"和"更少掏空效应"影响股价崩盘风险。本文不但深化了股价崩盘风险影响因素研究,而且有助于我们全面认识大股东在公司治理中的角色,对于深入理解大股东在资本市场中的作用,以及如何防范股价崩盘、促进资本市场健康有序发展都具有重要意义。     

融券卖空与股价崩盘风险——基于中国股票市场的经验证据

本文考察了我国卖空交易对股价崩盘风险的影响,并对其作用机理进行了分析。研究发现:卖空交易有助于降低股价崩盘风险,且通过工具变量法及考虑外生事件冲击等方法控制了内生性等问题之后,结论依然稳健。同时,在信息透明度较低、公司治理及外部监督机制较差的情况下,卖空交易对股价崩盘风险的影响更为显著,表明卖空交易通过提升公司信息透明度和改善公司治理,从而降低了股价崩盘风险。进一步研究发现,在牛市中卖空交易很好地起到了负面信息挖掘的功能,降低了上市公司的股价崩盘风险,但却并未进一步加剧恶化较差市场行情下的股价崩盘风险;融资买空显著提高了上市公司的股价崩盘风险。本文为我国卖空实践的市场风险分析提供了新的视角。     

独立董事制度改革、独立董事的独立性与股价崩盘风险

近年来,股价崩盘等极端尾部事件风险受到社会各界的广泛关注。本文巧妙运用证监会强制要求上市公司独董比例在2003年6月30日之前至少达到1/3的政策性外生冲击,通过面板双重差分估计策略发现,独立董事制度的正式引入显著地降低了公司股价发生崩盘的风险。然后,本文进一步利用我国上市公司特有的独立董事对董事会议案发表意见和进行投票的强制披露数据,考察独立董事相对于管理层的独立性对股价崩盘风险的影响,我们发现,相比于不存在异议独立董事的公司,存在异议独立董事公司的股价发生崩盘的风险明显较低。本文的研究表明,在投资者保护较弱的新兴市场国家,加强独立董事的治理机制、特别是引入有不同意见的独立董事,对于防范股价崩盘风险、促进资本市场稳定具有重要的作用。     

独善其身还是唇亡齿寒：股价崩盘风险是否影响债券定价?

本文考察了在同一发行主体下,股价崩盘风险对债券定价的溢出效应。研究结果表明,当公司股价崩盘风险上升时,公司债券的表现也不能做到独善其身。股价崩盘风险越高的企业,其发行的债券在二级市场上的信用利差越高,而且这一效应在民营企业债券和低信用评级债券样本中的溢出程度更大。进一步的检验还显示:在风险承担水平较高、内部控制质量较差、会计信息不确定性越高的公司中,股价崩盘风险对债券信用利差的正向影响更为显著。本文从微观主体的角度考察了上市公司股价崩盘风险的经济后果,拓展了债券信用利差的跨市场影响因素研究,有助于理解中国股票和债券市场之间的联动关系,对于降低公司债券违约风险、维护资本市场平稳发展具有一定的启示意义。     

企业社会责任、媒体报道与股价崩盘风险

理论上企业披露社会责任信息既可能抑制股价崩盘风险,亦可能加剧股价崩盘风险;新闻媒体作为社会责任披露的重要载体在其中既可能弱化也可能强化这种影响,对这些问题的探讨是近年来公司金融领域研究的热点,但学者对当前的研究结果尚存在较多争论。鉴于此,本文首先在理论上导出社会责任披露对股价崩盘风险的双向作用机制,然后引入新闻媒体研究其可能的传导途径。基于我国A股市场所有上市公司2010-2018年面板数据的研究结果显示：上市公司通过披露企业社会责任指数能够显著降低股价崩盘风险;企业履行社会责任会显著增加媒体报道的数量,而媒体报道数量增加能够显著抑制股价崩盘风险,即媒体报道在企业社会责任影响股价崩盘风险的过程中起到中介作用;进一步的拓展研究发现：企业社会责任指数中的股东责任对股价崩盘风险影响最大,而供应商、客户和消费者权益、社会责任的影响不显著;与中性媒体报道相比,正面媒体报道和负面媒体报道的中介作用效果更强。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.