国际化会促进母国社会责任脱耦吗?——基于制度逻辑视角的研究北大核心CSSCI

中国企业“走出去”实现国际化扩张、获取海外资源过程中,面临着多重制度嵌入以及相应的制度压力。基于全球合法性构建的战略考虑,企业会选择母国社会责任脱耦(即企业社会责任实践(“做”)与社会责任报告(“说”)不一致)回应母国和东道国制度逻辑冲突。文章基于制度逻辑视角,利用2011—2018年中国上市公司研究样本数据,分析了国际化程度对于母国社会责任脱耦的影响,检验了行业竞争压力和制度差距的调节作用。实证结果发现:(1)随着国际化程度加强,企业在母国市场的反应性社会责任脱耦减弱,而战略性社会责任脱耦加强;(2)行业竞争压力削弱了国际化程度和母国反应性社会责任脱耦的负向关系,而对国际化程度和母国战略性社会责任脱耦的正向关系具有强化作用;(3)制度逆差对于国际化程度和母国反应性社会责任脱耦关系具有负向调节作用。研究结论为新兴经济体企业如何通过社会责任战略回应国际化的复杂制度压力和合法性要求提供了经验借鉴。     

政治关联、国际化战略与企业价值——来自中国民营上市公司面板数据的分析

本文以中国2006-2010年期间上市的所有民营公司为样本,探讨民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化成长的促进作用与机制,并通过细分国际化的维度,考察了在母国具有政治关联与不具有政治关联的民营企业在国际化战略层面提升企业价值的具体路径差异。本文主要结论如下:第一,企业国际化对企业价值总体上具有正向影响,其中国际化深度对企业绩效具有正向的促进作用,国际化广度对企业绩效具有一定程度的负向影响;第二,民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化程度总体上不具有显著的正向作用。但进一步发现,民营企业的母国政治关联对国际化深度具有显著的正向促进作用,但却显著地负向影响国际化广度;第三,母国的制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化之间关系具有显著的调节作用。进一步研究发现,制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化深度之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用,而对于政治关联与国际化广度之间关系具有显著的负向调节作用;第四,总体上,相对于不具有政治关联的民营企业而言,在母国已构建了政治关联的民营企业所实施的国际化战略更有可能带来公司绩效的提升。我们进一步发现,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对企业短期经营状况的改善具有明显的作用;但长期而言,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对公司的市场价值却并没有显著的提高。而在母国无政治关联型民营企业的业绩受到国际化广度显著的正面影响,但国际化深度对企业绩效却不存在显著的正向影响。进一步验证了民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化路径或模式选择具有显著的调节影响。     

中国企业国内横向整合与国际化所有权优势

构建了中国企业国内横向整合与企业国际化所有权优势的逻辑关系,并提出了相应的研究假设.基于二手数据的实证研究发现:中国企业的国内地域多元化程度与资产优势正相关,与制度优势呈U型关系;制度优势与企业绩效呈U型关系;国际化程度对制度优势与企业绩效间的关系呈负向调节作用.研究表明,解释中国企业国际竞争优势来源的突破口在于制度优势,提出的新型所有权优势形成机制丰富了OLI的内涵,同时又回应了当前国际学术界关于关注新兴市场企业国际化行为的母国制度效应的呼吁.     

家族企业的对外直接投资与职业化管理

基于制度同构理论,探究家族企业通过对外直接投资嵌入到国内和国外互不兼容、甚至相互冲突的制度逻辑时对其治理结构的影响,提出对外直接投资给家族企业带来制度同构压力,进而影响其职业化管理水平。运用中国沪深上市家族企业2005~2019年的面板数据,研究发现:家族企业对外直接投资的规模和广度越大,高管团队的职业化水平越高;东道国与母国之间的制度距离会增强家族企业对外直接投资对职业化管理的促进作用;企业所在地区的外商投资水平则会削弱家族企业在对外直接投资中提升职业化管理的动力。通过研究组织同时嵌入不同制度逻辑时对治理结构的影响,深化制度同构行为的分析框架,对家族企业的国际化成长和治理转型具有实践意义。     

组织能力、国际创业与国际化绩效北大核心CSSCI

在新兴市场企业的国际化热潮中,东道国与母国之间的制度差异已成为学术界和企业界关注的焦点。本文结合制度逃离与制度套利双重视角,探讨新兴市场企业通过激进而冒险的国际创业(international venturing)方式进入海外市场的动机,提出高水平的技术能力与营销能力有助于企业在逃离母国制度限制的同时,充分利用东道国的制度优势,从而有效提升国际化绩效。基于此,以国际创业为中介变量、环境扫描为调节变量构建一个被调节的中介效应模型,进而揭示不同组织能力对企业国际化绩效的作用机理。结合我国150家制造类企业的双份调研数据与年报数据,实证检验的结果表明:技术能力与营销能力对国际创业均具有显著的提升作用,且环境扫描对上述关系均产生正向的调节作用。此外,国际创业在技术能力与国际化绩效之间起部分中介作用,但环境扫描对这一中介效应没有显著的调节作用;国际创业在营销能力与国际化绩效之间起完全中介作用,且环境扫描对这一中介效应具有显著的调节作用,即环境扫描水平越高,国际创业的中介作用越强。研究结论拓展了制度理论在企业国际化研究中的应用,对探讨新兴市场企业国际化动机与绩效提升具有理论和实践双重意义。     

二元制度环境、制度能力对新兴经济体创业企业加速国际化的影响

新兴经济体(EE)创业企业在与母国缺失的制度环境互动的过程中形成制度能力。运用大规模访谈和扎根理论方法,本文提炼出制度能力的概念及其三个维度:制度适应力、制度关系力和制度创业力。在此基础上,本研究通过融合制度理论和组织能力理论,采用探索性案例研究设计,探讨了二元制度环境、制度能力与E E创业企业加速国际化之间的关系,并构建了一个被中介的调节模型。研究结果显示:(1)完善的母国制度环境减轻了东道国缺失的制度环境对EE创业企业加速国际化的阻碍作用,而母国缺失的制度环境则提升了完善的东道国制度环境对E E创业企业加速国际化的促进作用;(2)母国缺失的制度坏境有助于E E创业企业开发制度能力,而完善的母国制度环境则不利于E E创业企业制度能力的开发;(3)东道国缺失的制度环境对制度能力较强的EE创业企业加速国际化的抑制作用较弱;完善的东道国制度环境对制度能力较弱的EE创业企业加速国际化的激励作用较强;(4)E E创业企业的制度能力中介母国制度缺失性对东道国制度缺失性和加速国际化之间关系的正向调节作用。本研究有助于E E政府创造国际创业友好型制度环境和创业企业加快实施"走出去"战略。     

企业期望落差强度与持久度对国际化速度的影响研究

新兴市场企业如何动态地调整其国际化速度是目前学界与业界的热议话题。基于企业行为理论,本文引入企业期望落差的不同维度:强度与持久度,探究了两者对国际化速度的差异化影响机制,以及母国市场与制度环境的权变作用。基于2010—2015年中国A股上市跨国企业面板数据,研究结果表明:期望落差强度与国际化速度正相关,而期望落差持久度与国际化速度负相关。进一步地,母国市场动荡性会削弱期望落差与国际化速度的关系,相反地,母国制度环境发展则加强了两者关系。研究结论拓展了不同维度期望落差对企业战略差异化影响机制的研究,同时对理解企业的国际化成长过程具有现实意义和启发。     

国际化战略与企业绩效关系的争议——国际研究评述

国际化是否有助于企业提高绩效?本文回顾了已有文献中关于企业的国际化程度与企业绩效关系的各种不同观点——两者正相关、负相关、倒U形关系、U形关系、水平S形关系、N形关系、甚至不相关,其各自的理论与实证依据,以及中国的相关研究。本文提出两者关系差异结果来源于三方面:1.模型形式的确定:即主关系模型为线性(正相关或负相关)、二次方(倒U形或U形)还是三次方(水平S形或N形);2.指标体系的构建:即解释变量"国际化"和被解释变量"企业绩效"的指标选取与合理测量,其中国际化的测量方法主要有国际化深度指标、国际化广度指标、国际化复合指标三种,企业绩效的测量方法主要有会计指标、市场指标、综合指标三类;3.调节变量的纳入:国际化—企业绩效的关系除受国际化阶段和测度方式影响外,还受宏观层面的投资区域、投资产业、投资母国、东道国制度,及企业层面的进入模式、国际化节奏、产品多元化、无形资产投资等调节因素影响,选取合适的调节变量进入主关系模型,也将是本问题研究的重要突破点。本文据此建立了一个揭示"国际化—企业绩效"关联机制的融合性理论框架,为后续研究奠定工作基础和提供参考启示。     

企业资源、所有权性质与国际化程度——来自中国制造业上市公司的证据

本文基于资源基础理论和代理理论,探讨企业资源、所有权性质对国际化程度的影响。研究表明,企业资源对国际化程度有影响,并且知识资源比物质资源对国际化程度的影响更持久。具体而言,财务资源对国际化程度具有显著的正面影响,营销资源对国际化程度具有显著的负面影响,组织冗余与国际化程度呈U型关系。最后,基于中国特定的制度背景,本文提出并检验了所有权性质对于企业资源与国际化程度的关系具有调节作用的假说,发现与国有控股企业相比,非国有控股企业更偏好国际化战略,企业资源对国际化程度的影响更显著。     

中国企业对外直接投资的决定因素:基于制度视角的经验分析

本文结合中国经济转型时期的制度环境,对传统的国际折衷理论加以拓展,归纳出在中国经济转型的制度环境下,与企业对外直接投资决策密切相关的一系列特殊的制度因素,在此基础上建立一个中国企业对外直接投资决策的理论分析框架.然后以2006-2007年中国企业对外直接投资的微观数据为样本,对中国企业的对外直接投资的决策进行了多因素回归分析.实证结果表明,政府政策扶植、海外关系资源及自身融资能力对企业对外直接投资的动机和能力有重要影响.分类型研究表明,上述三种制度因素对贸易型、生产型、资源型和研发型对外直接投资的影响程度各有不同.     

Untangling the commonalities and differences between domestic cross-regional experience and international experience in shaping speed of internationalization

Prior studies have paid attention to the influence of domestic experience on internationalization, for which domestic experience primarily refers to the accumulation of internationalization knowledge from industrial peers or partners at home. We argue that the commonalities and differences between international experience and domestic cross-regional experience have not been fully incorporated in previous frameworks in the literature. Thus, in untangling the commonalities, we purposively differentiate domestic experience into two dimensions, i.e., repetition-based experience and diversity-based experience, to investigate the contingent role of making domestic cross-regional investments in shaping the relationship between international experience and the speed of internationalization. We expect that these two dimensions of domestic experience will moderate the relationship between international experience and the speed of internationalization in a different way. More specifically, repetition-based experience has a negative moderating effect while diversity-based experience has a positive moderating effect. Further, considering the differences between international investments and domestic investments, we expect that the joint impacts of international experience and domestic cross-regional experience on internationalization speed are contingent on whether firms have sufficient resources to support multiple learning or whether institutions between the home country and foreign country is similar enough for cross-context application. We expect that financial slack and institutional distance between prior foreign entries' country and the home country play significant three-way moderating roles in setting boundaries for the relationship between domestic experience and international experience. Based on the analysis of 302 Chinese publicly listed firms from 2001 to 2014, the dynamic panel data regression results support our hypotheses. Overall, our simultaneous consideration of commonalities and differences between domestic investments and international investments sheds light on how MNCs learn from both international and domestic investments to speed up their foreign expansions.     

Internationalization of family SMEs: the impact of ownership, governance, and top management team

Family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) internationalize their business after consolidating their position in their domestic market. Once family SMEs have built up the necessary resources and capabilities for their growth in the domestic market, they may leverage it later on for further expansion abroad. This paper seeks to examine the determinant factors that may explain the internationalization of family SMEs. More specifically, this study will examine the relationship between ownership, governance, top management team (TMT) and internationalization in family SMEs. Family SMEs may reap the benefit of stewardship orientation. This study seeks to examine the potential moderating role of stewardship orientation and TMT behavioral integration. The main contribution of this study is in examining theoretically and conceptually the relationship between ownership, governance, TMT and internationalization in the family SME context.     

How MNE subsidiaries transfer HRM practices in distant environments: A tale of two IKEA subsidiaries

While most research in the international business field focuses on the impact of the national institutional environment on multinational enterprises (MNEs), this paper explores the opposite relationship—the role and impact of MNE subsidiaries on the host country institutional environment. I analyze the subsidiaries' agency in the transfer activities of human resource management (HRM) practices by bringing the case of IKEA subsidiaries in Korea and Japan and find that these subsidiaries not only adapted to pressures arising from an institutional distance but also played an important role in influencing the institutional arrangement for employment system of their host countries. With a contextualized agency model, this study finds that institutional and organizational contexts that these subsidiaries are embedded in shaped their agencies and strategic responses and co-evolved with their host institutional environments while transferring HRM practices. These findings have implications for the IB and IHRM field, as they highlight the potential of MNE subsidiaries as agents.     

地理距离对企业社会责任的影响研究

地理距离在中国转型经济情境下,意味着信息不对称和制度压力异质性。基于信号理论,以2010~2017年中国上市公司为样本,采用随机效应模型,探讨企业与政府监管机构之间的地理距离对企业社会责任的影响机理,以及制度环境与高铁线路对上述关系的调节效应。研究表明:地理距离对企业社会责任表现存在显著的负向影响,较好的制度环境与途经较多的高铁线路,均可缓解地理距离对企业社会责任表现的负向影响。     

WTO框架下会计国际化的中国困境与创新

本文通过分析WTO对各国会计制度的要求,探讨了WTO框架下中国会计国际化所带来的四大困境；并试图从制度变迁成本的角度,提出了以制度借鉴为主线的中国会计国际化创新战略的基本原则,进一步给出了中国会计国际化创新战略实施的路径设计图。文章认为,充分利用国际会计资源解决我国的现实问题,减少我国会计国际化变迁的成本,应该是后WTO时代中国会计国际化制度困境突破与创新的基本路径取向。     

R&D internationalization,product diversification and international performance for emerging market enterprises: An empirical study on Chinese enterprises

One motivation behind R&D internationalization for emerging market multinationals (EM MNEs) is to expand international markets. This paper analyzes whether the R&D internationalization of EM MNEs contributes to an improvement in international performance measured by foreign sales as a percentage of total sales (FSTS). Using panel data on China's listed companies, this paper introduces more scientific and normative indicators for measuring R&D internationalization in terms of geographic distribution (breadth) and overseas investment (depth). The results reveal an inverted U-shape relationship between R&D internationalization and international performance that is initially positive and eventually becomes negative. Product diversification has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between R&D internationalization breadth and international performance.     

The Contingent Effect of TMT International Experience on Firms’ Internationalization Speed

Drawing on upper echelons theory, we argue that there will be an inverted U‐curve‐shaped relationship between the top management team's (TMT's) level of international experience and a firm's internationalization speed. Accounting for the role of executive job demands highlighted in upper echelons theory, we further suggest that competitive pressure, product diversification and geographic scope moderate the relationship between TMT international experience and internationalization speed by increasing the demands of TMT managers’ jobs. Using data on the international expansion of 91 retailers between 2003 and 2012, we find empirical support for the inverted U‐curve‐shaped effect of TMT international experience and the moderating role of competitive pressure. We find no moderating effect of product diversification or geographic scope.     

Institutional Voids,Economic Adversity and Inter‐firm Cooperation in an Emerging Market: The Mediating Role of Government R&D Support

This paper examines the mediating mechanism of the relationship between institutional voids (IVs) and inter‐firm cooperation and the moderating role of economic adversity in the context of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) based in emerging markets. The hypotheses are tested using time‐lagged survey data from 214 SMEs in Ghana. The findings provide support for the hypotheses by showing that: (1) IVs positively influence the use of government research and development (R&D) support; (2) the use of government R&D support mediates the relationship between IVs and inter‐firm cooperation; and (3) economic adversity positively moderates the relationship between IVs and the use of government R&D support. The findings contribute to understanding the role of IVs in inter‐firm cooperation. The wider implications for theory and practice are examined.     

Internationalization and performance: The moderating effects of organizational learning

By proposing a conceptual outline for a general model that explains the internationalization–performance link, we test the moderating effects of organizational learning on the relationship between internationalization and performance empirically. Integrating two distinct literature streams from the organizational learning perspective and the resource-based view, we present an integrated, multidimensional framework for analyzing multinational enterprises’ (MNEs’) resources, internationalization, and organizational learning, as well as their associated impact on firm performance. Specifically, using a sample of 110 American MNEs, we find that while certain MNE resources motivate and precede internationalization, social and market learning (whereas technological learning does not) moderates the relationship between internationalization and performance. These findings extend prior research by establishing the importance of the relationships among MNE resources, internationalization, organizational learning, and firm performance.