中国农村地区的家庭禀赋与外出务工劳动力回流

中国农村地区家庭禀赋对个人的行为决策有着重要的影响,需要学术界予以更多的关注。为了考察外生性的家庭禀赋对劳动力就业流动的影响,文章通过构建新生代外出务工劳动力和户主子女的回流决策两个计量模型来进行经验论证。分析结果表明,农村劳动力的迁移选择是综合考虑家庭禀赋状况的理性决策,尤其是对于年轻一代的外出劳动力。家庭经济资本的增加会阻碍家庭外出务工成员的回流。外出劳动力回流的概率起初随着家庭人力资本和家庭自然资本的增长而上升,达到一定程度后开始下降。家庭成员只有拥有较为丰富的人力资本,外出务工劳动力才能对家庭社会资本加以充分利用。另外,分析显示年轻一代劳动力和第一代劳动力对家庭社会资本和自然资本的利用是有差异的。     

农村外出劳动力回流迁移的影响因素和回流效应

文章分析农村外出劳动力回流迁移的影响因素.农村外出劳动力在城市就业、经济收入和社会保障的排斥影响他们的回流,同时回流迁移也受到家庭生活、家庭劳动力状况、家庭农业活动和农地状况等因素的影响.外出劳动力的回流迁移是“被动回流”和“主动回流”相结合的过程、是个体决策和家庭决策的综合过程.文章提出劳动力回流迁移具有“回流效应”,回流带来人力资本的补偿、促进流出地非农经济的发展和带来创业的增长.劳动力回流作为城镇化过程中内生的逆迁移流,构成乡城迁移和劳动力市场平衡的补充机制,与乡城迁移一起促进城镇化和城乡平衡发展.文章提出在城镇化过程中需要支持“迁移效应”和“回流效应”机制共同发挥作用.     

返乡劳动力的再迁移意愿和再迁移方向选择

部分流动人口回流迁移后仍会再次外出和继续迁移。研究发现,约三分之一的返乡劳动力具有再迁移意愿,县城及中心镇是他们再迁移的主要方向,呈现出就近城镇化的特点。就业机会与预期收入的驱动、家庭整体利益的权衡、社会网络的助推既决定他们的再迁移意愿,也决定再迁移方向的选择。(1)返乡劳动力的收入水平、就业稳定性和劳动技能培训经历显著影响其再迁移意愿,劳动技能培训提高了返乡劳动力选择县内再迁移的可能性。(2)家庭照护(居住)安排、土地耕种安排与子女教育安排也会影响其再迁移意愿,土地流转会增强返乡劳动力向省外的再迁移意愿,子女教育期望与入学机会是返乡劳动力向省内县外再迁移的重要因素。(3)返乡劳动力再迁移主要受其亲属网络的影响,而非地缘网络的影响。充分发挥返乡劳动力作用,有序引导其再次流动,对乡村振兴和中西部地区城镇化发展具有重要意义。     

养老保障对返乡中老年群体再次外出就业的影响

在影响返乡中老年群体再次外出就业的相关因素中,养老保障尤其值得重视。返乡农民工再次外出就业说明农村老年人口经济收入相对不足,希望通过外出就业获得部分收入的补偿,这也表明存在中老年在农村人口因养老保障不足而被迫继续外出就业的可能性。文章构建两期生命周期模型,对返乡中老年群体的养老保险参与情况影响其再次外出就业的作用机制进行理论分析,并利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：（1）返乡中老年群体参加养老保险显著减少其再次外出就业;（2）不同类型养老保险对返乡中老年群体的外出就业存在差异性影响,返乡农民工如果获得职工基本养老保险,具有更明显的收入效应,减少他们的再次外出就业,而城乡居民养老保险的保障力度相对薄弱,还不足以改变返乡中老年群体的劳动供给行为;（3）具有养老保险对农村中老年群体劳动参与的影响存在外溢效应,养老保险降低再次外出就业,并通过增加他们的家庭劳务和隔代抚育的时间,增加其成年子女的外出就业和进城迁移。研究提出,加强农村养老保障体系建设对提高农民工和返乡农民工的生活福祉,减少城乡社会保障不平等,促进乡村振兴和城乡整体发展具有作用,对我国的劳动力市场建设也具有一定积...     

农民工回流的选择性与非农就业:来自湖北的证据

近年来,随着东部沿海地区劳动密集型产业逐渐向中西部地区转移,农民工回流已成为社会关注的热点话题。本文利用来自湖北省的农村劳动力调查数据研究农民工的回流原因与返乡非农就业状况。农民工的回流决策不仅要受到其人力资本的影响,也与老人需要赡养、农业负担较重、与家人团聚等家庭因素以及输出地经济的发展程度有关。相对于那些仍然外出的农民工而言,回流农民工往往是负向选择的结果,并没有表现出比从未外出农村劳动力更倾向参与非农就业。因此,农民工回流对输出地经济发展的贡献程度可能并不像大部分研究结果所显示的那么乐观。     

外出务工经历、邻里关系与返乡农民工创业

返乡农民工自主创业是“双创”背景下妥善处理农村剩余劳动力安置问题的重要途径。农民工外出务工期间积累的多元要素禀赋是其迈过初创门槛的关键因素。运用中国劳动力动态调查2016年数据,系统分析了包括外出务工经历在内的宏、微观因素对返乡农民工创业决策的影响,并重点探究了邻里关系的多维调节效应。理论分析与实证结果表明：外出务工经历显著提高了农村劳动力开展自主创业的概率。相比于宏观创业环境,返乡农民工在作出创业决策时更加关注自身要素禀赋的丰裕程度。对于主观幸福感较高、不公平感强烈、未参加短期技术培训以及西部地区的返乡创业群体,外出务工经历对自主创业行为表现出较强的促进作用。邻里关系对外出务工经历与返乡农民工创业具有正向调节效应,邻里间的支持作用、同群作用以及示范作用均是调节效应的有效渠道。以上结论经过稳健性和内生性检验依然成立,从而为激发农村创业内生动力,尽快实现乡村产业与人才振兴提供了有益借鉴。     

农村劳动力转移的健康选择机制研究

基于农业部农村固定观测点大规模的跟踪调查数据,本文检验了我国农村劳动力转移的健康选择机制。将滞后一期健康状况作为当期农村劳动力外出打工的初始影响因素,解决了健康与农村劳动力外出打工之间的内生性问题。分离了农村劳动力的前期迁移状态,有效区分了健康对农村劳动力迁移影响的健康移民效应和三文鱼偏误效应。研究发现,健康状况与中国农村劳动力外出打工迁移距离呈现正相关关系,身体健康状况较好的农村居民,外出打工迁移地点相距家乡较远。而对于已经外出打工的农村劳动力,一旦遭受健康冲击,则将发生回流的现象。健康对我国农村劳动力转移的影响,存在显著的健康移民效应和三文鱼偏误效应。     

乡村振兴背景下返乡回流农民工主观幸福感研究——外出务工经历的潜在影响

在农民工返乡回流常态化趋势之下,关注返乡回流农民工的心理状态,进而激活其人力资本可以为实现乡村振兴增添新动能。研究表明,与农村留守居民相比,返乡回流农民工的主观幸福感偏低,这一现象在老一辈和受教育水平较低的群体中尤为突出。在采用倾向得分匹配法纠正可观测的自我选择偏误、递归双变量Probit模型解决潜在的内生性问题及一系列稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。中介效应分析显示,返乡回流农民工主观幸福感之所以低于农村留守居民与返乡回流农民工收入满意度与社会公平感“双下降”有关。出于对美好生活的向往,返乡回流农民工的生活评价标准不会“返乡随乡”,返乡回流农民工也不会因为返回家乡而将幸福自评的参照对象相应调整为农村留守居民,由于外出务工经历而产生的城乡差距感知潜在地影响返乡回流农民工的主观幸福感。因此,政策制定者应该从幸福角度创造返乡回流“引力”,提高农民工的回流意愿与他们返乡后的主观幸福感,从而激活乡村振兴的内生动力。     

返乡农民工再就业的影响因素分析——基于安徽省的调查

文章利用2011年"安徽省返乡农民工再就业调查"数据,运用Logistic回归模型对返乡农民工再就业的影响因素进行了定量分析。结果发现个人特质因素、流动因素、能力素质因素及家庭因素的不同方面都对返乡农民工再就业状况有重要影响。实证结果显示,男性相对于女性、主动返乡者相对于被动返乡者返乡后更容易就业;45岁以下的青壮年返乡后就业的概率较大;受教育程度越高、返乡后接受过有针对性培训的农民工就业的概率更大;外出务工期间具有个体经营经验的农民工返乡后更容易就业;基于发展型目的外出务工人员由于他们有更高的需求,返乡后就业概率较小;家庭规模较小、生活水平较好的农民工返乡后更容易就业。     

我国农村劳动力外出务工的动力分析

农村劳动力外出务工是我国农业剩余劳动力转移的重要方式。现阶段,我国农业存在大量剩余劳动力,且农村劳动力外出务工的空间也在不断扩大。但是,从2004年开始我国却出现了"民工荒"现象,且愈演愈烈。这不仅阻碍了我国农村剩余劳动力的转移,也给城市劳动密集型产业带来巨大的冲击。通过对农村劳动力外出务工的动力进行测算和分析,得出现阶段我国农村劳动力外出务工的动力不足,是造成"民工荒"现象日益突出的根本原因。在此基础上,提出提高农村劳动力外出务工动力的对策。     

Living arrangements and the transition to adulthood

The sharp decline with age in the percent of young adults who live with their parents is usually attributed to other concurrent life-cycle changes in the "transition to adulthood." We investigate this presumption using data tracking high school seniors seven years after graduation. Although marriage and military service strongly reduce residential dependence on parents, other life-cycle changes such as employment and parenthood are only weakly associated with living arrangements and often affect returning home more than leaving. "Leaving home" is often independent of other transition events and should be studied directly to understand recent patterns of family change.     

The links between women’s employment and children at home: Variations in low- and middle-income countries by world region

As fertility declines in low- and middle-income countries, the time women devote to childbearing and rearing may also be reduced. This shift has been described as one of the positive consequences of the demographic transition, as it opens opportunities for women to pursue educational and employment opportunities that were previously constrained by the demands of bearing and raising children. We estimate the numbers of children residing at home (with their mother) for women in 58 countries in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. We then examine the association between women’s employment and having children at home. Finally, we assess trends over recent decades in the relationship between employment and childbearing, and differences in this relationship by mother’s occupation. We find a negative association between women’s employment and having children at home; this association varies substantially by world region, age of child, and mother’s occupation.     

禀赋依赖、能力水平与农民夫妻联合迁移

利用湖北、河南两省845户农户调查数据,运用多值无序选择回归模型分析了禀赋依赖、能力水平以及控制变量对农民夫妻联合迁移的影响.研究结果表明:禀赋依赖与能力水平均对农民夫妻联合迁移或夫妻单方迁移具有显著影响,农民夫妻联合迁移或夫妻单方迁移依赖于人力资本禀赋、社会资本禀赋和自然资本禀赋,而经济资本禀赋对农民夫妻迁移行为并没有产生显著影响;农民夫妻联合迁移预期和自身能力水平、与其就业结构之间存在不匹配路径,促进农民夫妻联合迁移的首要任务是提升其就业能力与放宽行业准入条件.     

Gender,Turning Points,and Boomerangs: Returning Home in Young Adulthood in Great Britain

The idea of a generation of young adults “boomeranging” back to the parental home has gained widespread currency in the British popular press. However, there is little empirical research identifying either increasing rates of returning home or the factors associated with this trend. This article addresses this gap in the literature using data from a long-running household panel survey to examine the occurrence and determinants of returning to the parental home. We take advantage of the longitudinal design of the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008) and situate returning home in the context of other life-course transitions. We demonstrate how turning points in an individual’s life course—such as leaving full-time education, unemployment, or partnership dissolution—are key determinants of returning home. An increasingly unpredictable labor market means that employment cannot be taken for granted following university graduation, and returning home upon completion of higher education is becoming normative. We also find that gender moderates the relationship among partnership dissolution, parenthood, and returning to the parental home, reflecting the differential welfare support in Great Britain for single parents compared with nonresident fathers and childless young adults.     

Return migration of foreign students and non-resident tuition fees

This paper challenges the notion that optimal non-resident tuition fees should necessarily be raised if the return rate of foreign students after graduation increases. The analysis of a host country’s optimal pricing behavior therefore incorporates a specific student migration model. Students usually are aware of the fact that they might return to their home countries after being educated abroad, even if they initially intended to stay on in the host country. With rational expectations, a change in students’ perceptions of the return probability after graduation can affect their first-round decisions whether to study abroad. The optimal adjustment of non-resident tuition fees in the host country has to take this behavioral response into account. Under certain conditions, the behavioral effect is dominant, and a decline in stay rates of students actually requires tuition fee cuts.     

Spousal Mobility and Earnings

An important finding in the literature on migration has been that the earnings of married women typically decrease with a move, while the earnings of married men often increase with a move, suggesting that married women are more likely to act as the “trailing spouse.” This article considers a related but largely unexplored question: what is the effect of having an occupation that is associated with frequent migration on the migration decisions of a household and on the earnings of the spouse? Further, how do these effects differ between men and women? The Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 U.S. decennial census is used to calculate migration rates by occupation and education. The analysis estimates the effects of these occupational mobility measures on the migration of couples and the earnings of married individuals. I find that migration rates in both the husband’s and wife’s occupations affect the household migration decision, but mobility in the husband’s occupation matters considerably more. For couples in which the husband has a college degree (regardless of the wife’s educational level), a husband’s mobility has a large, significant negative effect on his wife’s earnings, whereas a wife’s mobility has no effect on her husband’s earnings. This negative effect does not exist for college-educated wives married to non-college-educated husbands.In the substantial literature on the relationship between migration and earnings, an important finding has been that the earnings of married women typically decrease with a move, while the earnings of married men often increase with a move. This is consistent with the notion that married women are more likely to act as the “trailing spouse” or to be a “tied mover.” This article considers a related but largely unexplored question: what is the effect of having an occupation that is associated with frequent migration on the migration decisions of a household as well as on the earnings of the spouse? And how do these effects differ between men and women?There are three reasons to move beyond the previous analysis of household moves to studying the effect of occupational mobility on migration and earnings. First, the analysis of changes in employment and earnings of movers is only part of a broader discovery concerning the extent to which the earnings of husbands and wives are affected by the ability to move to or stay in optimal locations. Second, the existing literature relies on the comparison of movers to nonmovers. Even longitudinal comparisons will not completely eliminate the bias in this comparison because movers likely differ in their earnings growth, not just the level of premigration earnings. Third, the methods used in the literature often do not adequately adjust for occupational differences between men and women, so it is difficult to know whether the current findings in the literature are the result of differences in jobs held by men and women, or rather are the result of differences in influence on location decisions. The question pursued in this article is, controlling for an individual’s own occupation and the earnings potential in that occupation, how does the migration rate in a spouse’s occupation affect one’s own labor market outcomes?This article uses the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) from the 2000 U.S. decennial census to calculate mobility measures by occupation and education class. Mobility is measured by the fraction of workers who, in the past five years, have either (a) changed metropolitan area or (b) if in a nonmetropolitan area, changed Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA).¹ Using the sample of white, non-Hispanic married couples between the ages of 25 and 55 in the 2000 census, I perform migration and earnings analyses separately for four groups of couples: both have college degrees (“power couples”), only the husband has a college degree, only the wife has a college degree; and neither has a college degree.Results indicate that the mobility rates in both the husband’s and wife’s occupation affect the household migration decision, but mobility in the husband’s occupation matters considerably more. Comparison analysis for never-married individuals indicates that among individuals with college degrees, never-married men and women are equally responsive to occupation mobility in their migration behavior.The earnings analysis uses occupation fixed-effects and average wage in occupation-education class to control for substantial heterogeneity in earnings potential. For couples in which the husband has a college degree, the wife’s mobility has no effect on the husband’s earnings, regardless of the wife’s education. However, the husband’s mobility has a large, significant negative effect on the wife’s earnings. This negative effect does not exist for couples in which only the wife has a college degree.     

Climatic change and migration from Oceania: Implications for Australia,New Zealand and the United States of America

It is possible that climatic change may stimulate population movements as people turn to migration as one strategy of adaptation. This paper attempts to assess possible migration flows which may occur, in response to climatic shifts over the next thirty years, from small island states in the south-west Pacific ocean region to the United States, Australia and New Zealand. It is argued that the small island states appear vulnerable to climatic change, with low coral atolls being most at risk. Adverse impacts of climatic change will be one extra pressure on small island states, many of which are already struggling to cope with sustainable management of their natural resources and with the demands of their rapidly growing populations for education, housing and employment. The migration strategy is likely to entail significant medium-term health, psychological and social costs for some Pacific island migrants as they try to move or cope with life in western industrialised societies.     

Social and economic change,intergenerational relationships,and family formation in Taiwan

This paper examines the influence of social change and economic growth on intergenerational relationships and the formation of families in Taiwan. Using data from two island-wide surveys in 1973 and 1980, the analysis shows that, as expected, social change has been accompanied by rapid changes in family structure and relationships, including the spread of schooling, the employment of young people outside the family, increasing separation of the residences of parents and children before and after marriage, growing independence of young people, and increases in premarital sex and pregnancies. The position of a family in the social structure also influences the way young people interact with their parents and form their own families: women with educated fathers have more nonfamilial experiences than others, and farm origins tend to exert a traditional influence on the life course. Finally, experiences early in the life course have important ramifications for later behavior and transitions.     

中国的离婚率与社会结构变化分析

从中国的离婚率与社会结构变化的时间序列分析中可以看出 :离婚率随非农产业人口比重的提高而提高 ,并有三年的时滞 ;离婚率也和人口城市化的发展有密切的关系 ,两者的比重一并提高 ,但约有五年的时滞。因这两方面社会结构的变化 ,直接影响妇女就业率提高和妇女职业结构的变化 ,而由此引起的人口迁移流动的大变动 ,也必然影响婚姻家庭观念的变化