创始团队关键人力资本、战略地位优势与创业绩效

鉴于创始团队关键人力资本对新创企业发展的重要性及已有研究的不足,在界定相关概念及其结构维度的基础上,遵循资源/能力-地位-绩效理论逻辑,构建基于能力视角的创始团队关键人力资本对新创服务企业战略地位优势和绩效影响的概念模型。以环渤海、长三角、珠三角和海西地区的新创高技术服务企业创始团队成员为调研对象,基于182份有效问卷,运用SPSS 19.0和AMOS 17.0软件及多元层级回归方法分析数据。研究结果表明,创始团队关键人力资本的3个维度均显著提升新创高技术服务企业绩效,但作用机理不同,绩效效应存在差异,服务扩展优势部分中介适应性营销能力和市场链接能力与绩效的关系,服务扩展优势和服务差异化优势同时完全中介新服务开发能力与绩效关系;适应性营销能力和市场链接能力直接和通过服务扩展优势间接产生的综合绩效效应均显著高于新服务开发能力通过服务扩展优势和服务差异化优势间接产生的综合绩效效应;服务扩展优势在服务差异化优势转化为企业绩效的过程中发挥部分中介作用。新创高技术服务企业应合理配置和整合创始团队成员多样化能力,促进关键人力资本与战略地位优势的协同匹配。     

双元领导对团队创新绩效影响研究——基于惯例视角

领导力及组织双元领域的研究认为,领导者的悖论认知模式和管理行为对于组织中任何一种双元形式的构建都发挥着重要的作用。然而,目前学术界对于这种复杂领导方式的具体作用效果及影响机制,尤其是对于团队创新过程中如何有针对性地处理团队整体性与个体差异性间存在的突出矛盾这一问题仍然缺乏深入的研究。 基于社会认知理论、组织双元理论和动态能力理论,从团队惯例视角出发,构建双元领导行为-团队双元文化-团队创新绩效的影响过程模型,探讨领导行为的协调作用,同时以成员自我调节导向和环境动态性作为调节变量,研究在此影响过程中团队内、外部情景因素的调节作用。采用SPSS 17.0和AMOS 17.0进行多层次回归分析和组间方差分析,对来自长三角区域高新技术型企业中123个知识团队的调研数据进行实证分析。 研究结果表明,①双元领导对团队创新绩效具有积极影响并且显著优于单一领导方式,而变革型领导和交易型领导对团队创新绩效的影响并无显著差异,但要显著优于无明显领导风格的团队,且这两种领导方式能够产生协同效应,其交互正向影响团队创新绩效;②双元领导主要通过团队双元文化部分中介作用直接或间接影响团队创新绩效,但其所包含的变革型和交易型领导行为对团队创新绩效的作用机理存在差异,变革型领导主要通过适应性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效,交易型领导则通过一致性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效;③自我调节导向在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用;④环境动态性在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用。     

基于网络惯例的双元能力对合作创新绩效的影响

探索能力与利用能力的有效整合是企业获得持续竞争优势的重要前提,但是缺乏针对性研究。研究双元能力对合作创新绩效的影响,并分析在网络惯例调控下影响的差异。在理论分析的基础上构建理论模型,并提出研究假设。利用生物制药、电子信息等技术创新网络的调研数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,利用能力和适度的探索能力有利于合作创新绩效的提升;除双元能力的整体水平外,双元能力的差异不平衡和交互均衡均有利于企业获取持续竞争优势;与探索能力相反,网络惯例正向调节利用能力与合作创新绩效之间的关系;在双元能力与合作创新绩效之间,网络惯例的正向调控作用均得到验证。研究结论有助于促进网络的稳定、高效运行,指导企业从更深层次上把握合作创新机会,获取更多的网络资源,进而提升自身的创新绩效和创新能力。     

客户导向和竞争者导向的整合与企业绩效

结合市场导向和组织双元理论,讨论如何整合客户导向和竞争者导向的问题。识别出客户导向和竞争者导向的两种整合方式,即组合和平衡,探讨两种整合方式对企业绩效的直接效应及企业资源对两种整合方式与企业绩效关系的调节作用。以209家中国制造企业为对象进行问卷调查,运用多元回归分析等方法对以上直接效应和调节作用进行统计检验。研究结果表明,组合客户导向和竞争者导向会提升企业绩效,平衡客户导向和竞争者导向不能提升企业绩效。企业的营销能力和规模显著调节不同整合方式对企业绩效的作用,企业营销能力负向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,正向调节组合方式对绩效的影响;企业规模会正向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,但不能显著改变组合方式对绩效的影响。最后,提出企业根据营销能力和企业规模的特点对客户导向与竞争者导向进行整合的相关建议。     

前摄性行为视角下的员工创新——前摄型人格、反馈寻求与员工创新绩效

随着外部环境日渐复杂,新一代员工自我意识觉醒,信息化工作模式扩展,企业传统管理机制对员工绩效的影响越发有限。利用员工自我管理机制以及前摄性行为提升其自身创新绩效的管理路径有望成为持续增强企业创新实力的新方法。研究以国有科技型组织中的知识员工为样本,以主动反馈寻求行为为中介,探索前摄型人格对员工创新绩效的影响机制。研究结果表明,员工前摄型人格对其创新绩效具有正向影响;反馈寻求行为(询问与监测)完全中介前摄型人格对创新绩效的影响;主管对创新的支持正向调节直接反馈寻求行为——询问与创新绩效的关系,具有创新性同事的存在正向调节间接反馈寻求行为——监测与创新绩效的关系。     

“能做”和“想做”：基于内驱力的双元创业即兴对双创绩效影响研究

当前激烈动荡的竞争环境下,创业即兴在企业创新创业中扮演着愈加重要的角色。一些学者发现,创业即兴行为同时发挥着巩固现有根基和诱发创新变化的双元作用。然而,目前理论界尚未对双元创业即兴的内涵与外延展开系统研究。本文基于社会认知理论和自我决定理论,探讨双元创业即兴的内驱因素、对双创的作用效果以及边界条件。通过对143个创业团队做多时段问卷调查,使用Mplus软件进行有调节的中介路径分析发现,带来"能做"动机的创业团队效能感和带来"想做"动机的创业团队和谐型激情分别对双元创业即兴产生激励作用;当团队资源管理能力较强时,双元创业即兴对企业双创绩效产生显著的正向影响,团队效能感和团队和谐型激情对企业双创绩效间接的正向影响也显著;但以上关系在资源管理能力较弱时均不显著。本研究从动机与能力视角解释了双元创业即兴的发生及效用差异,也对中国企业双创活动具有一定的指导意义。     

网络情境下企业双元能力的动态适应与创新绩效

在5G等信息技术快速发展的今天,企业需要多种能力应付不断变化的外部世界。在开放式网络组织中成功的企业往往具有双元特征,既能有效管理当前需求还可以适应未来的发展变化,称之为双元能力。随着时间的推移,组织的双元能力是趋于加强还是走向失衡?哪些因素影响组织双元能力的动态变化?本文基于组织双元理论和技术创新管理理论,从平衡和适应两个方面对企业双元能力进行解耦,探析双元能力从平衡到适应的演变过程,并结合开放式创新背景下开发式联盟和探索式联盟的互动关系,以及网络惯例的相关研究,进一步考察了双元能力在不同状态下对企业创新绩效的影响机制,并基于234份有效问卷进行实证分析,研究发现:组织在发展过程中,当外部环境的变化不大时,下一个阶段内探索与开发分配的变化程度就会越小;当外部环境变化激烈时,组织探索与开发的分配就会根据外部的需求产生变化,进而产生与外界发展相适应的能力;不管是双元能力整体水平还是双元能力差异不平衡性都对企业的创新绩效产生正向影响,网络多元化对双元能力整体水平与创新绩效的影响不显著,而网络多元化正向调节双元能力差异不平衡性与创新绩效的关系;不管是双元能力的整体水平还是双元能力的差异不平衡...     

基于动态能力中介作用的创业拼凑及其功效实证

利用212家新企业的调研数据,检验了创业拼凑对新企业绩效的影响,以及动态能力的中介作用。结果表明,创业拼凑对新企业绩效与动态能力具有显著的直接功效;动态能力对新企业绩效具有正向影响,且动态能力在创业拼凑对新企业绩效的影响路径中起部分中介作用,即创业拼凑通过动态能力对新企业绩效具有一定的间接功效。     

高管团队视角下双元组织能力开发与绩效传导机制研究

在双元组织能力的形成过程中,高管团队起着关键性作用。高管团队内部的异质化认知是双元组织能力形成的基础,而行为整合则是双元组织能力发展的重要内容与保障。双元组织能力能够正向预测组织绩效,但受到环境因素的调节作用,动态环境和复杂环境属于双元组织能力绩效传导机制的边界调节,企业外部环境的动态性和复杂性越强,双元组织能力的效用越明显。     

基于团队认同对学习空间调节作用的成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响研究

以知识面和紧密度为中介变量,以团队认同为调节变量,实证考察了成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响。研究发现,成员异质性对团队创新绩效影响的直接效应不显著,主要通过知识面和紧密度2个中介变量起作用;成员异质性增加了团队的知识面,降低了团队的紧密度,而知识面与团队创新绩效正相关,紧密度正向调节了知识面与团队绩效的正相关关系;团队认同正向调节了成员异质性与团队知识面的正相关关系,负向调节了成员异质性与团队紧密度的负相关关系。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.