基于混沌神经网络算法的CPI预测

文章针对CPI时间序列的非线性特征,运用混沌理论对其相空间进行了重构,并求出其最大Lyapu nov指数大于零,从而判断CPI时间序列的混沌特性,利用混沌BP混合算法(CBP)构建了CPI预测模型。结果表明,该模型在6个月内具有较高的精度。     

深圳证券市场混沌性探测的前提:小波去噪

0引言自上世纪90年代末期开始,国内掀起了一股研究我国证券市场混沌性的热潮。其基本思想是通过相空间重构的方法重构待研究时间序列的奇怪吸引子,计算其关联维数和Lyapunov指数,根据关联维是否为分数以及Lyapunov指数是否为正数来判断该市场是否具有混沌性。众所周知,经济时间     

EXCEL在假设检验中的应用

一、基本原理假设检验是推断统计中的一项重要内容 ,它先对研究总体的参数作出某种假设 ,然后从所研究总体中抽取样本进行观察 ,用样本所提供的信息对假设的正确性进行判断 ,从而决定假设是否成立。若观察结果与理论不符 ,则须放弃假设 ;否则 ,认为无充分证据表明假设错误。假设检验的一般步骤是 :提出零假设和备择假设 ;确定适当的检验统计量并计算其值 ;根据显著性水平α定出拒绝区 ;作出最终结论。二、单个样本的假设检验对单个样本的假设检验 ,我们可以根据抽样推断的思路 ,用相应函数计算临界值 ,来判断是接受还是拒绝零假设。以检验均…     

基于Lyapunov指数和CBP的混沌时序预测模型

本文根据经济系统的非线性及混沌特征,通过找出预测状态点的邻界状态与其后续状态点之间的函数关系,作为预测函数,提出了基于Lyapunov指数和CBP的混沌时序预测模型;利用Lyapunov指数判别时间序列的混沌特性,估计最大可预测时间尺度;应用混沌优化的BP神经网络进行经济预测。然后将这一模型应用于某超市的销售数据预测,取得了比较满意的结果。     

混沌时间序列的支持向量机预测

文章以重构相空间理论为基础,探讨了混沌时间序列的支持向量机预测模型建模的思路、特点及关键参数的选取;利用饱和关联维数法进行相空间重构,并运用小数据量法计算最大Lyapunov指数,对时间序列进行混沌特性识别。实例表明,该模型能较好地处理混沌时间序列,具有较高的泛化能力和很好的预测精度。     

略谈假设检验中零假设的确定

假设检验是统计推断的重要内容,而假设检验问题首先便面临零假设的确定。本文中笔者试图通过对假设检验的统计逻辑分析,认识零假设与被择假设的非对称性,探索针对具体统计问题零假设的确定方法,并尝试以双向检验的办法解决零假设与被择假设地位有争议情况下的假设检验问题。     

对正确建立零假设的思考

目前在国内的许多统计学教科书中 ,都不同程度地阐述了假设检验方法的理论及应用 ,但对零假设和对立假设建立的方法均含糊其辞 ,且又千篇一律地把需检验的主张设为零假设 ,对此我认为值得商榷。假设检验又称为显著性检验 ,是对关于总体某个声明的检验。在假设检验中 ,依照题意准确提出零假设和对立假设是正确应用假设检验方法的前提与关键 ,通常把需要通过样本去推断其正确与否的命题称为零假设(或原假设 ) ,用 H0 表示 ;与零假设相反的假设便是对立假设 (或备择假设 ) ,用 H1 表示。人们想当然将原始主张当作零假设 H0 ,但这只在某些场合…     

过程能力指数Cpm的非参数统计推断

过程能力指数是反映产品生产过程正常与否的一个重要指标,在正态性假设下有关指数的统计推断已有许多结果.文章着重讨论了指数的非参数统计,给出了指数的近似置信限和假设检验.     

上海股票市场的基于小波去噪的混沌性检验

由于经济混沌需要大样本、低噪声的时间序列,所以文章首先利用小波变换对上证指数日收盘价序列进行去噪处理,然后由去噪后的日收盘价序列计算出日收益率序列,姑且称其为去噪后的日收益率序列,并把它同未经过去噪处理得到的日收益率序列进行比较,发现该方法较好地保留了序列自身固有的特性,只是剔除了由于日常细微波动产生的噪声,为有效地探测我国上海证券市场的混沌性打下了基础。最后分别计算去噪前后收益率的关联维数和Lyapunov指数,发现小波去噪并未改变上海证券市场的混沌性,但是去噪后的市场的复杂度要小于去噪前的市场的复杂度。所以进行混沌性探测的时候必须对数据进行去噪处理。     

方差未知的灰色统计假设检验及应用

利用随机信息进行参数的假设检验,是数理统计学的基本内容。但经典统计学的方法,都是建立在明确随机数据上的参数假设检验。而现实生活中很多数据具有模糊灰色不确定性,如何较为合理地进行科学判断。在灰色系统理论的基础上,建立了在随机样本信息下,方差未知时正态均值的灰色统计假设检验方法。并应用于医学统计中与经典的N-P假设检验方法进行了比较。     

Generalizing the Welch Test To Non-Zero Hypotheses on the Variance Component in the One-Way Random Effects Model Under Variance Heterogeneity

In an unbalanced and heteroscedastic one-way random effects model of analysis of variance we consider hypotheses concerning the between group variance where in a classical set-up the hypothesis whether this variance component is zero is tested. We consider the still open problem of testing also extended hypotheses concerning this parameter and generalize the prominent Welch test to deal with these hypotheses, too.     

Effects of model misspecification on tests of no randomized treatment effect arising from Cox's proportional hazards model

We examine the asymptotic and small sample properties of model-based and robust tests of the null hypothesis of no randomized treatment effect based on the partial likelihood arising from an arbitrarily misspecified Cox proportional hazards model. When the distribution of the censoring variable is either conditionally independent of the treatment group given covariates or conditionally independent of covariates given the treatment group, the numerators of the partial likelihood treatment score and Wald tests have asymptotic mean equal to 0 under the null hypothesis, regardless of whether or how the Cox model is misspecified. We show that the model-based variance estimators used in the calculation of the model-based tests are not, in general, consistent under model misspecification, yet using analytic considerations and simulations we show that their true sizes can be as close to the nominal value as tests calculated with robust variance estimators. As a special case, we show that the model-based log-rank test is asymptotically valid. When the Cox model is misspecified and the distribution of censoring depends on both treatment group and covariates, the asymptotic distributions of the resulting partial likelihood treatment score statistic and maximum partial likelihood estimator do not, in general, have a zero mean under the null hypothesis. Here neither the fully model-based tests, including the log-rank test, nor the robust tests will be asymptotically valid, and we show through simulations that the distortion to test size can be substantial.     

A Note on the Modified Likelihood Ratio Test for Homogeneity in Beta Mixture Models

This article presents a note on the modified likelihood ratio test for homogeneity in beta mixture models. Under consistency of the penalized maximum likelihood estimators, the limiting distribution of the test statistic converges to the chi-bar-squared distributions. The statistic degenerates to zero with a weight due to the negative definiteness of a complicated random matrix. The probability that this matrix is negative definite is related to the parameter values under the homogeneity hypothesis. The dependency pattern enables the introduction of an upper bound on the asymptotic null distribution. Simulation study is investigated to verify the accuracy of the results.     

递归均值调整单位根检验能提高检验功效吗?

根据备择假设成立时均值是否为零,讨论了三类单位根检验统计量的检验功效。理论研究表明:在大样本下,检验功效只与检验类型有关,与均值取值无关。蒙特卡洛模拟表明:在有限样本下,均值会影响检验功效,当均值为零时,第一类DF检验功效最高;当均值大于零时,在绝大多数场合下,第二类DF检验功效最优。因此,递归均值调整单位根检验功效仅在有限条件下最大。     

The effect of number of clusters and cluster size on statistical power and Type I error rates when testing random effects variance components in multilevel linear and logistic regression models

When using multilevel regression models that incorporate cluster-specific random effects, the Wald and the likelihood ratio (LR) tests are used for testing the null hypothesis that the variance of the random effects distribution is equal to zero. We conducted a series of Monte Carlo simulations to examine the effect of the number of clusters and the number of subjects per cluster on the statistical power to detect a non-null random effects variance and to compare the empirical type I error rates of the Wald and LR tests. Statistical power increased with increasing number of clusters and number of subjects per cluster. Statistical power was greater for the LR test than for the Wald test. These results applied to both the linear and logistic regressions, but were more pronounced for the latter. The use of the LR test is preferable to the use of the Wald test.     

An empirical approach to determine a threshold for assessing overdispersion in Poisson and negative binomial models for count data

Overdispersion is a problem encountered in the analysis of count data that can lead to invalid inference if unaddressed. Decision about whether data are overdispersed is often reached by checking whether the ratio of the Pearson chi-square statistic to its degrees of freedom is greater than one; however, there is currently no fixed threshold for declaring the need for statistical intervention. We consider simulated cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets containing varying magnitudes of overdispersion caused by outliers or zero inflation, as well as real datasets, to determine an appropriate threshold value of this statistic which indicates when overdispersion should be addressed.     

A likelihood ratio test of quasi-independence for sparse two-way contingency tables

We consider a likelihood ratio test of independence for large two-way contingency tables having both structural (non-random) and sampling (random) zeros in many cells. The solution of this problem is not available using standard likelihood ratio tests. One way to bypass this problem is to remove the structural zeroes from the table and implement a test on the remaining cells which incorporate the randomness in the sampling zeros; the resulting test is a test of quasi-independence of the two categorical variables. This test is based only on the positive counts in the contingency table and is valid when there is at least one sampling (random) zero. The proposed (likelihood ratio) test is an alternative to the commonly used ad hoc procedures of converting the zero cells to positive ones by adding a small constant. One practical advantage of our procedure is that there is no need to know if a zero cell is structural zero or a sampling zero. We model the positive counts using a truncated multinomial distribution. In fact, we have two truncated multinomial distributions; one for the null hypothesis of independence and the other for the unrestricted parameter space. We use Monte Carlo methods to obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters and also the p-value of our proposed test. To obtain the sampling distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic, we use bootstrap methods. We discuss many examples, and also empirically compare the power function of the likelihood ratio test relative to those of some well-known test statistics.     

Multiple hypothesis test for parameter constancy based on recursive residuals

This article presents a multiple hypothesis test procedure that combines two well known tests for structural change in the linear regression model, the CUSUM test and the recursive t test. The CUSUM test is run through the sequence of recursive residuals as usual; if the CUSUM plot does not violate the critical lines, one more step is taken to perform the t test for hypothesis of zero mean based on all recursive residuals. The asymptotic size of this multiple hypothesis test is derived; power simulation results suggest that it outperforms the traditional CUSUM test and complements other tests that are currently stressed in econometrics.     

Multiple hypothesis test for parameter constancy based on recursive residuals

This article presents a multiple hypothesis test procedure that combines two well known tests for structural change in the linear regression model, the CUSUM test and the recursive t test. The CUSUM test is run through the sequence of recursive residuals as usual; if the CUSUM plot does not violate the critical lines, one more step is taken to perform the t test for hypothesis of zero mean based on all recursive residuals. The asymptotic size of this multiple hypothesis test is derived; power simulation results suggest that it outperforms the traditional CUSUM test and complements other tests that are currently stressed in econometrics.     

Statistical inference of risk difference in K correlated 2×2 tables with structural zero

K correlated 2×2 tables with structural zero are commonly encountered in infectious disease studies. A hypothesis test for risk difference is considered in K independent 2×2 tables with structural zero in this paper. Score statistic, likelihood ratio statistic and Wald‐type statistic are proposed to test the hypothesis on the basis of stratified data and pooled data. Sample size formulae are derived for controlling a pre‐specified power or a pre‐determined confidence interval width. Our empirical results show that score statistic and likelihood ratio statistic behave better than Wald‐type statistic in terms of type I error rate and coverage probability, sample sizes based on stratified test are smaller than those based on the pooled test in the same design. A real example is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.