城市社区公共空间构筑与基层社会的动员整合——基于上海市G社区的案例分析

城市社区公共空间既是一种物理空间,又是一种制度与文化空间。上海G社区探索楼道公共客厅与楼道居民自治,通过楼道公共空间的拓展与构筑,增强居民归属感,构建居民交流、共商机制,改善社区认同,让社区从一个生活的共同体演变成一种信念的共同体,维护了社区的和谐和稳定,推进基层社会的动员整合。这种社区自治性的成长不仅是社会力量内部整合的基础,也构成了社区共治的基础。由此,未来社区治理的方向是如何建立起社区事务协商参与的多级公共空间,形成共治、自治衔接的有效机制,从而真正实现基层社区国家与社会良性互动、政府行政管理与居民群众自治相衔接的基层社会管理的新格局。     

从政府主导到社会主导：城市基层治理单元的再造——以新加坡社区发展为参照

在基层群众自治中,社区作为城市基层治理的基础单元,社区的治理和发展已成为城市治理的重要组成部分。目前我国城市社区建设的实践经验仍显不足,社区自主性和政府治理功能的发挥,有待进一步健全和完善,社区的自主性还不强。本文基于对新加坡社区的发展和建设过程的考察,从而讨论和归纳新加坡城市社区治理的模式转换及其特点,新加坡政府推动之下社区力量的崛起、社会自主性的转换是城市基层治理的主要特点。新加坡在社区治理方面积累的丰富的经验教训,对于推动我国城市社区治理的完善和发展,具有现实而直接的借鉴价值。     

创新“城中村”社区治理的对策思考——以泉州市城东片区四社区为研究对象

创新"城中村"社区治理工作,是有效推进社会管理的重要内容。近年来泉州市在"城中村"社区治理方面进行了积极探索,并取得明显成效。要实现以"城中村"社区治理工作的创新推动城市管理创新,泉州应该在社区治理主体多元化、社区工作方式民主化、居民保障水平提高、社区管理者素质提升、社区文化建设加强等五个方面继续推进各种有益探索。     

我国城市社区民主治理的困境与出路

积极推进城市社区民主治理对我国民主政治建设和法治进程具有重要而深远的影响,但宥于我国历史传统和民主法治国情,城市社区民主治理仍存在民主权利与民主需求、民主需求与民主实践、民主实践与民主权利之间不相协调一致的问题,使得社区民主治理陷入“权利-需求-实践”的困境,这严重阻碍着中国城市社区建设及基层民主政治的健康发展。当务之急是结合我国实际,完善民主权利,满足民主需求,深化民主实践,积极探索具有我国特色的城市社区民主治理之路。     

完善上海城郊结合部社会管理的思路和举措

当前上海城郊结合部社会管理存在的问题和需要加以创新的领域有:镇级政府社会管理的边界和权限、社区的法律地位和社会组织培育、城中村治理、区级地区大联动大联勤。完善城郊结合部社会管理任重道远,需要政府和社会联手,管理与服务并重,机制创新与科技手段有效结合,才可能形成一套有效的系统性解决方案。     

选举后的治理问题:困境及缓释之道——基于上海城市社区的调查分析

民主决策、民主管理和民主监督都是社区治理的重要内容。当前,上海城市社区建设总体情况良好,但依旧存在选举后的治理难题。要针对社区治理难题,提升社区治理绩效,必须构建民主合作型社区治理体制,还应健全社区内部治理、拓展社区外部环境、充分发挥政府的主导作用、优化公共服务体制等,重视理顺政社关系,合理架构社区内部的组织关系。     

谁能代表我们：转型期城市社区管治研究——基于南京梅花山庄社区物管纠纷的实证分析

在单位制城市社区向物业小区的城市社区转型中,业主、业主委员会、物业服务公司、居委会等利益相关者大量涌现,社区管治也随之出现。但转型期居委会基层组织和房地产行政主管部门“双线”管理的社区管治结构在物业管理纠纷时并非有效。本研究对南京市梅花山庄社区物业管理纠纷进行实证研究,透视转型期社区管治的问题,并对改善社区管治提出一些建议。     

The civic elite: A network perspective on elite consolidation among community-based organizations, 1998–2016

Is an elite consolidating among the leadership of community-based organizations (CBOs) in U.S. cities? Ethnographers identify a privatized turn in urban governance, with some nonprofit civic leaders becoming a cohesive group with enormous influence in local affairs. However, while researchers propose elite consolidation has occurred and created a more hierarchical, technocratic, and unipolar civic field, these structural changes have not been directly assessed. In this paper, I reintroduce an interorganizational network perspective to elite consolidation and evaluate how interlocking directorates among CBOs in Cleveland, OH, and Austin, TX constitute relationships among civic leaders over twenty years. Results indicate boards of directors are constituting a new civic elite, and that hierarchical interlock tendencies doubled in both cities between 1998 and 2016. The core of the networks appear to be organizations traditionally important in urban governance, though, and community analysis reveals power sharing among elite groups in the cities rather than singular dominant communities, indicating as situation of "elitist pluralism." These findings offer a new perspective on the problem of elite consolidation in civil society, and offer a benchmark for future analysis of civic elites.     

“协同治理”视角下的社会组织公共服务供给

城市社区建设中的公共服务与产品供给是城市发展中的核心问题。城市社会组织作为一个新的社会化服务网络,开始承载公众生活内容、满足公众社会需求、提高社区居民生活质量,成为城市治理中的一个功能载体,凸显出其在城市社区建设的重要意义。在我国的城市社区建设中,应将社会组织作为社区公共服务供给中的重要主体,建立政府、市场和社会组织共同参与社会管理的模式,以协同治理来应对市场的失灵、弥补政府的不足,有效地整合和配置社会资源,提升社会组织自身潜能,最大化地满足社区民众多样化的社会需求。     

城区交通拥堵的合作治理研究：以天津市为例

随着社会经济的不断发展，城区交通拥挤已成为一个普遍性问题。机动车快速增加、道路建设滞后、城市规划不合理、交通管理水平落后，造成的日益严重的交通拥堵影响了市民出行，也制约了城市治理及其经济发展。借鉴域内外先进经验，不断加强市政路网建设、完善公共交通，合理规划城市建设、公民文明交通意识建设，可以逐渐缓解城市拥堵问题。     

关于创新城市社区管理服务的几点重要思考

创新城市社区管理服务涉及到城市社区管理的方方面面,但当前的城市社区管理实践所反映的问题主要出现在社区基本理论依据、党政组织机构的地位作用、社区治理结构健全和运行机制等几个领域。主要问题是缺少对中国城市社区管理实情的客观认识,缺失从基层社区实际出发的解决问题的正确路线和缺乏对城市社区管理体系的系统、长远的考虑。本文正是从这些重要问题出发,思考、探讨城市社区管理创新的新思维、新路线,力求破解当前城市社区管理创新的困局。     

The Strength of Strong and Weak Ties

Strong civil societies, composed of diverse community groups and nongovernmental organizations, are increasingly seen as neccessary for robust economic growth and effective democratic governance. Yet financial and other resources for civil society organizations typically are scarce.     

Urban Political Theory and the Symmetrical Model of Community Power in Singapore

Modernity's concern within metropolitan regimes includes the revival of community power through 'growth machines' and 'urban regime' theory. This paper introduces the symmetrical model of community power for the creation of civil society in urban centres like Singapore which, apodictically, represents a 'First World' city-state in a 'Third World' region. Singapore's urban growth engines falls within a variety of state-sanction and quasi-private metropolitan urban regimes that have contributed to innovative uses of human and material resource allocation. But can the people creatively empower themselves? The model is premised on liberal democratic ideals of community empowerment, and represents a plausible alternative to paternalism in preparation for the uncertainties of modernity in the twenty-first century.     

A SENSE OF PLACE:

One of the classic questions in urban sociology is how social relations and solidarity are maintained in an urbanized, industrialized, bureaucratic society. The two pivotal research focuses have been the issues of (1) the persistence of territorially based affective ties and primary relations in an urban world and (2) the micro/macro links connecting community residents and the larger society. This article argues that social bonds and solidarity are now transformed from affective ties into more diffuse relationships as individuals purposively use the externally shared meanings of housing and community in American society to situate themselves, simultaneously locating themselves with others who share their values and preferences and asserting their social status and social identity to others.     

Deliberative Democracy and the Paradox of Participation

Citizen involvement and participatory governance have been adopted as essential components of urban development policies in many countries. For instance, participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre was successful in mobilizing and empowering poor people. However, in many cases, participation is merely a buzzword which often leads to co‐optation. In this article, we propose an explanatory model of participatory governance for making comparative analyses and compare participatory budgeting in the 1990s in Brazil with the Japanese community policy of the 1970s. Based on this, our analysis identifies the paradox of participation and the importance of gatekeeping functions. As a consequence of enhanced citizen participation, the power of the bureaucratic administration becomes dominant unless politicians and the legislature retain their autonomy in decision‐making. If the gatekeeping functions of involvement and decision‐making are monopolized by the administrative body urban development is de‐politicized, which, in turn, leads to co‐optation by government and exclusion. It is important to retain the function of politics to deepen democracy through citizen participation in urban development.     

The neoliberal multicultural state and the urban Indigenous associative model in Santiago de Chile

This article argues that since the recovery of democracy in Chile in the early 1990s, the state has been reshaping the Indigenous socio-political landscape by adopting neoliberal multiculturalism as a governance model. By not posing significant challenges to the state's neoliberal political and economic priorities, Indigenous cultural activity has been carefully channelled to meet state expectations of what constitutes urban indigeneity. Drawing on the minority and multicultural studies literature and ongoing ethnographic fieldwork, this article analyses how Mapuche civil society navigates the complexities of two relational models of state/ethnic minority interaction: ethno-bureaucracy and strategic essentialism. Although Mapuche associations have tried to accommodate their interests within the limits of neoliberal multiculturalism, the article argues that this governance model has established incentives for inclusion and exclusion in the socio-political apparatus, resulting in a fragmentation of the Mapuche associative landscape in urban Chile.     

城市更新背景下的博物馆发展策略研究

简要回顾了博物馆、博物馆学理论的发展过程、城市更新理念的演变过程,分析了博物馆与城市更新的互动关系,指出我国在城市更新中,应高度重视博物馆的建设发展,重点发展地方性、专业性的中小型博物馆以及生态博物馆、社区博物馆,应丰富博物馆的功能、参与性和体验性,努力创造条件,鼓励社会各方面参与博物馆的建设发展,促进博物馆与社区的互动与对话。     

城市社区居民自治机制探索——以上海外滩社区(街道)建设为例

当前,城市基层社会管理体制从"单位制"向"社区制"发生变化,社会成员逐渐从"单位人"转向"社区人",基层社会的民主意识不断增强,基层群众的利益需求不断增多。上海外滩社区(街道)居民自治的发展思路是:完善基层自治的功能,找准居民自治的切入点;拓展基层自治的空间,推进居民自治的生长点;加强基层民主的建设,促进居民自治的增长点;适应基层社会的变迁,聚焦居民自治的关注点。     

Receiving shadows: governance and liminality in the night-time economy

This paper focuses upon the emergence of the night-time economy both materially and culturally as a powerful manifestation of post-industrial society. This emergence features two key processes: firstly a shift in economic development from the industrial to the post-industrial; secondly a significant orientation of urban governance involving a move away from the traditional managerial functions of local service provision, towards an entrepreneurial stance primarily focused on the facilitation of economic growth. Central to this new economic era is the identification and promotion of liminality. The State's apparent inability to control these new leisure zones constitutes the creation of an urban frontier that is governed by commercial imperatives.