浅谈精益管理

精益管理要求企业的各项活动都必须运用"精益思维"(Lean Thinking)。"精益思维"的核心就是以最小资源投入,包括人力、设备、资金、材料、时间和空间,创造出尽可能多的价值,为顾客提供新产品和及时的服务。     

顾客关系营销在我国中小企业中的应用策略分析

顾客关系营销策略的目的就是为了获得顾客资源,促使顾客形成对企业及产品的良好印象和评价,提高企业及产品在市场上的知名度和美誉度,为企业争取顾客、开拓和稳定市场关系.本文试图从树立顾客为中心的经营思想;构建顾客关系营销机构;拓展顾客关系营销方式以及加强客户关系管理等方面对中小企业如何实施顾客关系营销做出探讨.     

以创造关系资源为中心的新思考

随着企业营销环境的变化和营销观念的转变,"以需求管理为中心"的传统营销观念逐渐被"以创造关系资源为中心"的新营销观念所取代,企业在经营过程中,越来越多考虑的是如何充分而有效地利用好企业内外部资源,赢得企业网络关系中的内外部顾客,这也是本文的目的所在.     

形象创造价值吗?——服务品牌形象对顾客价值—满意—忠诚关系的影响

服务品牌形象是否及怎样为企业和顾客创造价值是营销战略中有待回答的基本问题。该文采用综合视角,通过实证揭示服务品牌形象存在功能性因子和非功能性因子两个有概化意义的维度。在影响机制上,服务品牌形象通过其非功能性因子的直接影响为顾客和企业创造了价值,即服务品牌形象的非功能性因子直接影响了感知质量、感知价值、顾客满意和顾客忠诚,而功能性因子只对感知质量有直接影响。理论贡献在于,在服务品牌中证实了品牌形象理论关于品牌形象存在软—硬因素、产品相关—非产品相关属性及其不同影响效应的相关假设。管理含义在于,服务品牌形象营销需要区分品牌形象因子对顾客消费行为过程、结果、倾向的不同影响效应制定营销策略。     

服务补救后满意对顾客形成关系持续意愿的影响研究

为进一步探讨令顾客满意的服务补救对顾客形成关系持续意愿的作用机理,基于关系营销的视角,以Morgan和Hunt的承诺-信任理论为基础,采用结构方程建模的研究方法,构建并验证顾客服务补救后满意与顾客关系持续意愿之间的关系模型,研究数据来源于设定的银行业服务失误和对应的3种不同满意水平的服务补救情景.实证结果显示,顾客服务补救后满意必须通过信任和关系承诺变量的中介作用维系顾客关系,而对顾客的关系持续意愿没有直接的解释力;在服务补救背景下,顾客信任通过顾客情感承诺变量间接影响关系承诺.研究揭示出服务补救是服务企业关系营销的一种重要手段,时服务企业从服务补救的角度维系与顾客关系的管理实践具有理论指导意义.     

顾客参与、感知控制与顾客满意度关系研究

在产品或服务的生产过程中,顾客参与行为越来越普遍.当前文献都希望用不同理论证明顾客参与对顾客满意有正面影响,而将中间过程视为黑箱.在服务营销顾客参与研究领域提出感知控制的概念,旨在探讨顾客参与、感知控制与顾客满意度三者之间的因果关系.依据文献建立观念性研究框架,运用路径分析研究变量间的关系,探讨顾客参与程度对感知控制和顾客满意关系的调节效应.结果发现顾客参与会正向影响顾客的感知控制,顾客参与程度也会调节感知控制与顾客满意的关系,最后提出了研究结果的理论和管理意义.     

顾客满意度与企业股东价值关系研究

顾客满意对企业绩效的影响作用一直是研究者和管理者关注的焦点.随着市场竞争的加剧,越来越多的国内外企业制订了顾客满意战略以提高企业绩效.如果不能对顾客满意度增加企业绩效的机制进行深刻的把握,企业就难以制定出准确的营销战略导向和营销资源分配方案.本研究采用中国部分制造业上市公司为研究样本,建立顾客满意度与企业股东价值之间的多层线形模型,探讨了顾客满意度对企业股东价值的影响关系,以及在这个过程中行业特征和企业特征所发生的具体作用.研究结果表明顾客满意对企业股东价值的形成具有显著的正向作用,研究还分解出在企业股东价值形成的过程中企业特征和行业特征发挥的作用比例,同时证明了行业特征对顾客满意与股东价值之间关系的调节作用.     

顾客关系管理中的数据挖掘技术

<正> 顾客关系管理(CRM)是市场营销实践发展的直接产物,也是营销思想从关注营销过程转向关注此过程中所发生的种种相互关系和作用对于营销目标的影响即关系营销思想的体现。这种注重维持与客户之间关系以获取顾客终生价值而非仅仅关注一次交易的思想一经提出就获得人们的认同并直接运用于营销实践之中,令众多企业的组织结构、管理流程、信息沟通渠道以及营销思想与技术产生重大变革。 数据挖掘技术(DM)则是最近几年里兴起的一项以数据库技术、统计分析、人工智能等等为依托的综合性运用技术,它在零售、保险、电信、电力等行业的     

服务业中顾客参与对顾客价值创造影响的实证研究

本文从顾客与企业交互层面构建了包含影响顾客参与前因要素和顾客参与结果的整合模型,考察顾客参与活动对顾客价值创造的影响。在此基础上,以个人培训行业为背景,通过对484名中国消费者的问卷调查,运用结构方程模型开展实证研究。结果表明,顾客参与行为显著影响了顾客对实用价值的创造,顾客在参与活动中对实用价值感知与享乐价值感知正相关,实用价值在顾客参与和享乐价值之间起到了完全中介作用。同时,信息交换、情感承诺、交互公平作为顾客参与前因要素效应得到了证实。最后讨论了该研究的管理意义与未来研究方向。     

顾客心理契约在营销情境中的应用研究

当前文献都希望用不同理论研究顾客营销活动,指导企业营销行为。本文对顾客行为研究领域已提出的心理契约概念进行扩展,旨在探讨心理契约理论在顾客满意、顾客忠诚和顾客服务质量管理等方面的应用。     

Customer Learning Processes,Strategy Selection,and Performance in Business‐to‐Business Service Firms*

Learning about customers takes place through relevant dialogues with those customers, also known as customer relationship management (CRM). As relationships develop, information about the customer is gathered in the firm's customer information systems (CIS): the content, processes, and assets associated with gathering and moving customer information throughout the firm. This research develops a measure of CIS management capabilities based on learning organization theory and measured by the ability to get, store, move, and use information throughout the business unit. This measure is then used to analyze customer learning processes and associated performance in the context of marketing strategic decision making. This study of 209 business services firms finds that generic marketing strategy positioning (low‐cost and differentiation) and the marketing tactics of personalization and customization are related to CIS development. Customer information systems development in turn is associated with higher levels of customer‐based performance, which in turn is associated with increased business growth. Since the strongest association with customer‐based performance is strategy selection, the long‐term benefits of the knowledge gained from the CIS may be in the ability to assist in measuring customer‐based performance, rather than in the ability to immediately contribute to performance. Finally, for these firms, customization and personalization are not directly associated with performance and thus may not be necessary to support every firm's marketing strategy.     

The Impact of Revenue‐Maximizing Priority Pricing on Customer Delay Costs

Speed is an increasingly important determinant of which suppliers will be given customers' business and is defined as the time between when an order is placed by the customer and when the product is delivered, or as the amount of time customers must wait before they receive their desired service. In either case, the speed a customer experiences can be enhanced by giving priority to that particular customer. Such a prioritization scheme will necessarily reduce the speed experienced by lower‐priority customers, but this can lead to a better outcome when different customers place different values on speed. We model a single resource (e.g., a manufacturer) that processes jobs from customers who have heterogeneous waiting costs. We analyze the price that maximizes priority revenue for the resource owner (i.e., supplier, manufacturer) under different assumptions regarding customer behavior. We discover that a revenue‐maximizing supplier facing self‐interested customers (i.e., those that independently minimize their own expected costs) charges a price that also minimizes the expected total delay costs across all customers and that this outcome does not result when customers coordinate to submit priority orders at a level that seeks to minimize their aggregate costs of priority fees and delays. Thus, the customers are better off collectively (as is the supplier) when the supplier and customers act independently in their own best interests. Finally, as the number of priority classes increases, both the priority revenues and the overall customer delay costs improve, but at a decreasing rate.     

Does a Supplier's Operational Competence Translate into Financial Performance? An Empirical Analysis of Supplier–Customer Relationships

We conduct an empirical investigation of how a supplier's operational competence, as reflected by outcomes in the areas of quality, cost, delivery, flexibility, and new product development, translates into financial gains from a key customer. In contrast to previous research directed at the firm level, this study focuses on the supplier–customer relationship level. Using survey data from 158 suppliers in the manufacturing industry, we perform structural equation modeling to map out the paths from operational competence to financial performance—via dependencies and cooperative behaviors between suppliers and their customers. This study is the first scholarly attempt to examine the link between suppliers’ operational competencies and financial performance in interorganizational relationships. It is also an early investigation into operational competence as a source of bi‐lateral dependence. Our findings show that the supplier's operational competences increase its customer's dependence by enhancing the value of its products/services. However, the resulting increase in the supplier's power is not leveraged to shape relationship behaviors or capture value from its customer. In contrast, the customer's existing power as a major buyer plays an important role in shaping cooperative behaviors and affecting the supplier's financial performance from the customer relationship.     

Dynamic Customer Acquisition and Retention Management

In consulting, finance, and other service industries, customers represent a revenue stream, and must be acquired and retained over time. In this paper, we study the resource allocation problem of a profit maximizing service firm that dynamically allocates its resources toward acquiring new clients and retaining unsatisfied existing ones. The interaction between acquisition and retention in our model is reflected in the cash constraint on total expected spending on acquisition and retention in each period. We formulate this problem as a dynamic program in which the firm makes decisions in both acquisition and retention after observing the current size of its customer base and receiving information about customers in danger of attrition, and we characterize the structure of the optimal acquisition and retention strategy. We show that when the firm's customer base size is relatively low, the firm should spend heavily on acquisition and try to retain every unhappy customer. However, as its customer base grows, the firm should gradually shift its emphasis from acquisition to retention, and it should also aim to strike a balance between acquisition and retention while spending its available resources. Finally, when the customer base is large enough, it may be optimal for the firm to begin spending less in both acquisition and retention. We also extend our analysis to situations where acquisition or retention success rate, as a function of resources allocation, is uncertain and show that the optimal acquisition and retention policy can be surprisingly complex. However, we develop an effective heuristic for that case. This paper aims to provide service managers some analytical principles and effective guidelines on resource allocation between these two significant activities based on their firm's customer base size.     

服务质量决定要因顾客满足和行动意图的影响--在中国服务产业的应用

为维持现有顾客和创造新顾客,服务企业必须知道怎样实施服务质量战略来增加顾客满足和行动意图,因为服务质量、顾客满足和顾客行动意图之间存在着因果关系.本研究把整体服务质量分解为相互作用质量、物理环境质量、结果质量三个决定要因,并对服务质量决定要因对顾客满足和行动意图的影响进行了研究,实证检验在中国服务产业中进行.对研究模型的验证结果支持本研究提出的所有因果假设,即构成整体服务质量的三个决定要因对顾客满足具有显著的正向影响,顾客满足对行动意图具有显著的正向影响.而且,对于中国顾客来说,服务质量决定要因对顾客满足的相对影响力依次为"结果质量"＞"相互作用质量"＞"物理环境质量".     

基于天然气客户的消费波动特征与顾客分类研究

如何有效满足连续型消费且消费量呈周期性波动的客户需要,是生产供应商急需解决的现实问题。本研究对连续型客户日消费量的时间序列数据,首次利用谱分析方法进行消费量的波动特征分析,再根据客户不同波动指标经过分层聚类分析以及判别分析,构建了判别函数方程。基于WE销售公司在江苏省的用气客户的日消费量数据进行了分析验证,研究发现,客户消费的波动特征可以通过谱分析得出的13项指标进行刻画反映,并根据这些波动指标对广大客户进行分类,以便供应商针对不同波动类别的客户采取不同的调峰手段,为供应商优化调峰方案提供分析基础,特别是根据新用户未来用气波动需求进行判别归类,有利于生产供应商提前主动地采取有效措施解决新用户的消费波动问题。     

A Design Theory Approach to Building Strategic Network‐Based Customer Service Systems*

Customer service is a key component of a firm's value proposition and a fundamental driver of differentiation and competitive advantage in nearly every industry. Moreover, the relentless coevolution of service opportunities with novel and more powerful information technologies has made this area exciting for academic researchers who can contribute to shaping the design and management of future customer service systems. We engage in interdisciplinary research—across information systems, marketing, and computer science—in order to contribute to the service design and service management literature. Grounded in the design‐science perspective, our study leverages marketing theory on the service‐dominant logic and recent findings pertaining to the evolution of customer service systems. Our theorizing culminates with the articulation of four design principles. These design principles underlie the emerging class of customer service systems that, we believe, will enable firms to better compete in an environment characterized by an increase in customer centricity and in customers' ability to self‐serve and dynamically assemble the components of solutions that fit their needs. In this environment, customers retain control over their transactional data, as well as the timing and mode of their interactions with firms, as they increasingly gravitate toward integrated complete customer solutions rather than single products or services. Guided by these design principles, we iterated through, and evaluated, two instantiations of the class of systems we propose, before outlining implications and directions for further cross‐disciplinary scholarly research.     

基于顾客公平偏好的服务机制与定价研究

由于顾客异质性（单位时间等待成本不同），服务提供商通常对顾客采取分类服务策略，然而分类服务会引起服务系统中不同类型顾客之间等待时间和服务价值的差异性，从而给顾客带来心理上的不公平感，进而引起顾客在服务系统中的流动和转移，进一步影响企业收益和社会福利。本文针对非抢占M/M/1服务系统顾客分类情形为背景，由两种顾客之间期望等待时间的不同和公平偏好参数相结合构建普通顾客的公平心理效用模型，以垄断型服务系统为背景，分别从企业收益、社会福利与顾客效用三个视角进行分析。研究表明，服务提供商应对顾客采取可观测型的分类服务机制来获得最大收益；从社会福利视角，服务提供商应对顾客采取不可观测型的分类服务机制；从顾客效用视角，服务提供商应取消顾客分类服务，仅保留普通顾客。最后同现有结论进行比较分析，并进行拓展研究。本文研究对服务提供商采取合理的服务机制及相应的服务定价具有重要参考价值和指导意义。     

顾客异质性对顾客满意度指数测评的影响

顾客具有异质性是市场营销领域的共识,当前的顾客满意度指数测评体系隐含了顾客具有同质性的假设.为了考察该假设对顾客满意度指数测评的科学性和公平性的影响,模拟了4种类型的顾客,并设计蒙特卡罗试验,发现在测评数据负偏时,通过目前的测评体系得出的某品牌的产品/服务顾客满意度指数将能代表该品牌真实的顾客满意程度.但是.目前顾客满意度测评中,测评数据负偏仅是一个经验特征事实,在中国存在经济差异、文化差异和城乡差异的情况下,这一经验特征事实尚有待验证.模拟研究还发现,当对异质的顾客群进行满意度测评时,如果部分测评数据出现正偏倾向,即部分顾客倾向于用低分数表达自己的满意时,顾客异质性对顾客满意度指数的科学性和公平性都将产生显著影响,此时需要时测评方法进行改进.     

基于顾客心理期望等待时间的服务策略研究

顾客在排队系统获取服务时，会存在心理上的期望等待时间，该期望会影响顾客在排队系统中的行为变化和流动，从而影响企业收益。本文以传统的M/M/1排队系统为背景，基于顾客存在期望等待时间的前提下，以企业收益最大化为优化目标进行研究。首先，对相应基础理论和模型假设进行介绍；其次，对顾客存在心理期望等待时间情形提出三种新的策略：重新定价、通过折扣对顾客期望值进行调整、提高服务率；然后，分别对上述三种策略进行优化分析，并同现有结果进行比较；研究表明：三种策略都比维持原有定价带来更大收益；当折扣力度较小时或顾客对费用感知强于时间感知时，折扣策略优于重新定价策略；当折扣力度较大或顾客对时间感知强于费用感知时，重新定价策略优于折扣策略；最后，通过对最优结果分析提出相应管理启示。本文的研究对于顾客存在心理期望等待时间的服务定价具有重要的指导意义和实际应用价值。