期望落差与企业创新的动态关系——冗余资源与竞争威胁的调节效应分析

期望落差导致决策者倾向于冒险创新还是规避风险, 这仍旧是没有解决的重要问题.创新是决策者的冒险动机与冒险能力共同作用的结果, 并且这种作用还将受到企业内部冗余资源以及外部竞争威胁的制约.基于中国民营上市公司数据, 主要得到以下几方面的结论:期望落差所引致的冒险动机与可感知冒险能力的动态变化, 最终导致了企业决策者随着企业期望落差的递增而提升创新投入, 但拐点之后其冒险创新的动力则逐渐减弱;组织冗余在期望落差与企业创新之间起到显著的正向调节作用, 即充足的冗余资源提高了落差状态下的企业创新投入;竞争威胁则在期望落差与企业创新之间起到显著的负向调节作用, 即企业面临的竞争威胁程度越高则越有可能降低它在期望落差状态下的创新投入;最后, 冗余资源与竞争威胁还显著地影响到企业创新投入的曲率及斜率的动态变化.     

家族期望落差与创业退出：基于中国数据的分析

作为创业过程的重要活动之一, 创业退出并未引起学者太多的关注, 大多数现有研究文献从企业家、企业、行业和宏观环境去分析创业退出的原因, 而忽略了创业家族的影响.本文以家族期望作为分析单元, 从理论上探讨了家族期望落差与创业退出之间的关系, 以及寻租活动在其间的传导效应.本文的经验分析主要得到了以下研究结论: (1) 新创企业的创始人及其家族具有多重期望目标, 包括家族财富、家族声望、家族团结以及人丁兴旺期望的实现. (2) 家族期望落差对企业家是否选择创业退出具有显著的影响, 即家族的财富丰腴、团结和谐和社会声望期望落差越大则家族企业创始人越倾向于退出经营领域, 而人丁兴旺期望落差越小则越有可能坚持创业. (3) 寻租行为在家族期望落差与创业退出之间起中介传导效应, 即家族期望的未实现将导致企业主倾向于选择非法性寻租行为, 而寻租的高成本与潜在的风险则会进一步增加其退出创业的可能性.     

业绩期望差距与企业战略调整——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

本文基于企业行为理论分析了业绩期望差距与战略调整之间的关系,并探讨了权力主体的特征,即控股股东身份、CEO个性和来源,以及所拥有的资源禀赋的调节作用。基于中国上市公司的数据,得到以下研究结论:(1)随着业绩期望落差的扩大,组织为解决困境和规避利益损失,实施战略调整的程度越大。(2)家族控股股东在业绩期望落差扩大时,因面临经济性和非经济性的损失更高,通过战略变革而规避损失的动机和需求更为强烈,实施战略调整的程度随之提高。(3)开放性和外部聘任的CEO拥有更高的决策能力和行为自由度,从而强化了在业绩期望落差状态下实施战略调整的程度。(4)权力主体所拥有的资源禀赋越多,意味着实施战略变革所需的基础条件越充足,进一步强化了在业绩期望落差扩大时的战略调整程度。本研究充分表明了期望水平与权力主体特征在战略调整过程中的重要性。     

家族控制、经济期望与企业绿色责任的关系研究：来自中国上市公司的经验数据

基于社会情感财富保护的动机，家族企业会更多地履行绿色责任吗?这种社会情感财富保护的动机会否因为经济期望的差异而有所不同?聚焦上述两个问题，利用2010年～2016年上市家族企业的数据，得到如下发现：第一，家族对企业的控制能力(包括家族所有权控制、家族成员参与管理以及家族控制时间)越强，则越会更多地履行绿色责任；家族对企业的控制意愿(包括家族命名和家族传承意愿)也影响到家族企业绿色责任的履行，尤其是当家族企业有较强的传承意愿时，其履行绿色责任的动力会更强.第二，企业的经济期望在家族控制与企业绿色责任之间发挥了一定的调节作用：当家族企业处于期望顺差的状态时，家族控制能力对企业绿色责任的促进作用会有所强化，家族传承意愿对企业绿色责任的促进作用也会有所强化；当家族企业处于期望落差的状态时，其调节作用没有得到验证.     

基于跨层次被调节中介模型的新生代员工期望差距与离职意向研究

基于复合时空背景下28家企业的495名新生代员工和438名非新生代员工的调查问卷,考察新生代员工的期望差距对其离职意向的影响机制、职业承诺的中介作用以及环境自由的跨层调节作用,并运用多层次线性模型对跨层数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明:期望差距是“80后”和“90后”新生代员工离职意向的重要前因变量;职业承诺在“90后”新生代员工的期望差距与其离职意向之间起着部分中介作用,但是在“80后”新生代员工期望差距(现实工作与自我工作)与离职意向之间的中介作用不明显;组织环境自由对“90后”新生代员工的期望差距与离职意向的关系之间起到负向跨层调节作用,但在“80后”新生代员工的期望差距与离职意向的关系之间没有起到负向调节作用。     

企业家政治关联、竞争战略选择与企业价值——基于上市公司动态面板数据的实证研究

基于社会资本互惠交换理论,本文提出企业家对不同层级政治关联的回报形成了企业在竞争战略层面提升企业价值的具体路径差异。在实证研究中,以上市公司动态面板数据对理论假设进行检验,实证结果表明,企业家中央政治关联与地方政治关联都能正向显著影响企业价值,其中差异化战略在企业家中央政治关联与企业价值关系中的中介效应、低成本战略在企业家地方政治关联与企业价值关系中的中介效应得到支持。这表明,在以GDP增长为核心的晋升激励下,地方政府期望的企业发展目标与中央政府可能存在差异,并直接影响了与其存在政治关联的企业家行为。本文结论为产业结构升级和地方官员晋升锦标赛模式改革提供了参考依据。     

企业新员工工作期望与组织社会化早期的适应:领导—部属交换的调节作用

工作期望是影响新员工组织社会化的重要心理变量。以往相关研究主要集中在期望落差领域,但是期望落差假设的有效性至今仍存在分歧。本研究基于组织社会化理论,采用纵向问卷调查方法,研究了社会化早期(即新员工组织进入后三个月)新员工工作期望与近端适应结果(即角色清晰、任务掌握、组织理解和社会整合)的关系,重点探讨了领导—部属交换(LMX)对期望落差作用的调节效应,以期回答期望落差假设成立条件的问题。结果表明:①在同时考虑期望和经历的情况下,仅新员工实际工作经历与适应结果正相关,期望落差对适应的影响不显著。②LMX调节期望落差与适应的关系——当LMX关系质量低时,期望未实现对适应有破坏作用,与期望落差假设一致;而高质量的LMX会抵消期望未实现对适应的破坏作用。③不同维度LMX的调节作用模式存在差异——贡献维度调节工作责任期望落差与角色清晰的关系,尊敬和情感维度调节工作回报期望落差与组织理解的关系。     

企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机制研究——基于动态能力和冗余资源的调节效应

在动态复杂变化环境下，探讨不同消极反馈情形下企业战略变革选择受到何种因素影响值得进一步研究.本研究将消极反馈分为期望落差和组织衰败，并引入动态能力和冗余资源两个调节变量，探讨消极反馈影响企业战略变革的过程机制和边界条件.基于沪深A股制造业上市公司的研究表明，期望落差和组织衰败两种消极反馈形式对战略变革影响机制不同：期望落差与战略变革之间存在倒U型关系，而组织衰败对战略变革有显著的积极影响.其次，动态能力及冗余资源对期望落差与战略变革的倒U型关系有显著调节作用，动态能力对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著增强作用，冗余资源对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著削弱作用.研究结论对进一步分析企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机理及边界条件有一定借鉴.     

政治关联、国际化战略与企业价值——来自中国民营上市公司面板数据的分析

本文以中国2006-2010年期间上市的所有民营公司为样本,探讨民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化成长的促进作用与机制,并通过细分国际化的维度,考察了在母国具有政治关联与不具有政治关联的民营企业在国际化战略层面提升企业价值的具体路径差异。本文主要结论如下:第一,企业国际化对企业价值总体上具有正向影响,其中国际化深度对企业绩效具有正向的促进作用,国际化广度对企业绩效具有一定程度的负向影响;第二,民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化程度总体上不具有显著的正向作用。但进一步发现,民营企业的母国政治关联对国际化深度具有显著的正向促进作用,但却显著地负向影响国际化广度;第三,母国的制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化之间关系具有显著的调节作用。进一步研究发现,制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化深度之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用,而对于政治关联与国际化广度之间关系具有显著的负向调节作用;第四,总体上,相对于不具有政治关联的民营企业而言,在母国已构建了政治关联的民营企业所实施的国际化战略更有可能带来公司绩效的提升。我们进一步发现,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对企业短期经营状况的改善具有明显的作用;但长期而言,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对公司的市场价值却并没有显著的提高。而在母国无政治关联型民营企业的业绩受到国际化广度显著的正面影响,但国际化深度对企业绩效却不存在显著的正向影响。进一步验证了民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化路径或模式选择具有显著的调节影响。     

行业竞争期望与组织战略背离——基于中国制造业上市公司的经验分析

组织如何在合法性压力的趋同和竞争压力的差异化中做出选择,一直是战略研究关注的焦点。战略选择理论虽然突破新制度理论的约束,强调组织通过自身主动性战略来应对制度同形压力,但并未凸显导致组织战略背离的深层次诱因。本文从期望理论和企业行为理论出发,探讨行业竞争期望对战略背离的影响,分析组织外部环境(经济政策不确定性和产业竞争性)与内部资源(高管团队社会资本和组织冗余)对上述关系的影响。研究发现:当企业实际绩效低于行业竞争期望时,组织为扭转行业竞争劣势的局面,会实施偏离行业既定水平的战略突破,即随着行业竞争期望落差的扩大,组织战略背离的程度越强;经济政策不确定性会弱化行业竞争期望落差与战略背离之间的关系,而行业竞争程度、高管团队社会资本和组织冗余则会强化上述关系。本研究从行业竞争期望的视角透析组织战略背离的决策动机及影响机制,扩展了战略背离的微观机制分析。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Defining Spirituality of Work

There is a current surge of writings on spirituality and related topics. For instance, Woodward (1997) has pointed out that since Thomas Moore's publication of Care of the Soul in 1994 there have been nearly 800books published with the word soul in the title. These run all the way from Chicken Soup for theWoman's Soul (Canfield et al., 1996) to A Guide to Liberating YourSoul (Barrett, 1995). Spirituality of work is a big part of this surge. Definitionsof spirituality of work seem to vary widely. Bowman (1998, p. 8) in his `reviewof the phenomenon of spirituality of work' found `Definitions of the term spirituality in the context of the Spirituality of Work troublesome and particularly subjective. Many writers do not even attempt definitions.' The purpose of this article is to review the concept of spirituality of work in its historical and current use and to propose a comprehensive definition.     

WebStress: a web interface to explore a multidatabase bibliographic corpus on occupational stress

A bibliographic study on a multidisciplinary subject, such as occupational stress, requires a multidatabase query facility. Given this, we searched eight databases belonging to different fields (medicine, psychology, etc.) and from different countries. Thus, more than 26000 references on occupational stress were gathered. A bibliographic corpus of this sort is unusable because of the heterogeneous format of the records and the number of duplicate entries. Considering the limitations of commercial programs, we have developed a system, called WebStress, for reformatting the data and removing duplicates. The huge number of references and the research needs of updating and searching have necessitated the addition of several other functions to WebStress. Therefore WebStress comprises a web interface that makes it possible to search the corpus with advanced features (using clustering, a specialized thesaurus on stress and Boolean queries). In addition to the usual bibliographic queries on a specific database such as Medline, WebStress provides bibliometric analysis of the corpus, which might contribute to a detailed analysis on occupational stress in order to highlight the networks of researchers and to find the main topics studied in this area. WebStress is not yet available to researchers in general. It is being further developed, and also permission needs to be obtained from the eight commercial bibliographic databases that it consults.     

The impact of a participatory organizational intervention on job stress in community health care institutions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term participatory intervention in health care institutions in Norway on workers' control, other job characteristics, job stress, subjective health and job satisfaction. Participants (including managers and supervisors) were randomly allocated to intervention groups and to a control group. Actions to solve problems based on the employees' own perceptions of the main problems were seen as the key motivators for organizational improvement and increased control at the task and office level in the work situation. The main stressors identified by the participants in this study were lack of information, communication and respect between professions, as well as the need for professional and personal development. The participatory intervention had a positive, but limited effect on work-related stress, job characteristics, learning climate and management style, and seemed to have started a beneficial change process. There were no negative short-term effects on work-related stress and job demands. Organizational interventions may be a potential training ground for acquiring participatory skills and resources, and if sustained after the intervention period, they can have long-term effects on problem solving, job stress and employee satisfaction.     

Circadian Rhythm and the Business Person

Each human being has an internal timekeeping mechanism. To date, over 100 so-called circadian rhythms have been detected. Perhaps the most significant is body temperature. There is an apparent connection between this rhythm and the efficiency with which we do things in the course of the working day. Within individuals, patterns have been discovered which give credence to the popular notions of a morning or an afternoon person, and so on. Our memory changes from morning to afternoon: short-term memory is stronger in the morning, and long-term memory stronger in the afternoon; in schools, morning students have higher grades than students who have other time-of-day preferences. Therefore, a strong case can be made in support of flexible time schedules. It is reported that productivity went up on the introduction of such a scheme. Employee stress has been seen to decline also. When flextime was offered, parents with small children took advantage of the benefit as well as unmarried employees. The only drawback is ensuring that, with so many individual variations in preferences, the needs of the company are fully met. If such a scheme can be devised, however, the research suggests that productivity and efficiency will increase.     

Social construction of work stress: Australian newsprint media portrayal of stress at work, 1997-98

Public understanding of health issues is influenced by the social and political interests of those who gather the information and by the media which disseminates it. This has implications for lay people's beliefs about work stress and has potentially serious personal implications in terms of recognizing, reacting to, and reporting stress in the workplace (Furnham, 1997). The somewhat ambiguous nature of work stress renders it vulnerable to political, social and economic manipulation. This study explores how the issue of work stress is represented in the Australian newsprint media. Fifty-one work-related articles from all major Australian newspapers from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997 were selected if 'stress' appeared in the headline. The articles were examined for dominant ideologies and themes. Attention was given to the language used to describe stress, the intended audience, and the voices represented in the articles. Results showed that work stress is represented in the media as an economically costly epidemic, as an outcome of unfavourable work conditions but with individual remedies, and as primarily situated within the public sector. The main voice represented in the media was that of the unions. The reproduction of work stress as a public sector phenomenon serves the interests of public sector unions, the newspapers, and the managers of private sector workers and is not consistent with available workers' compensation data (which is itself problematic).     

Is Risk Analysis Scientific?

This article discusses to what extent risk analysis is scientific in view of a set of commonly used definitions and criteria. We consider scientific knowledge to be characterized by its subject matter, its success in developing the best available knowledge in its fields of study, and the epistemic norms and values that guide scientific investigations. We proceed to assess the field of risk analysis according to these criteria. For this purpose, we use a model for risk analysis in which science is used as a base for decision making on risks, which covers the five elements evidence, knowledge base, broad risk evaluation, managerial review and judgment, and the decision; and that relates these elements to the domains experts and decisionmakers, and to the domains fact‐based or value‐based. We conclude that risk analysis is a scientific field of study, when understood as consisting primarily of (i) knowledge about risk‐related phenomena, processes, events, etc., and (ii) concepts, theories, frameworks, approaches, principles, methods and models to understand, assess, characterize, communicate, and manage risk, in general and for specific applications (the instrumental part).     

A new lease for life? The return of vitalism in management and organization studies

This paper starts from a growing interest in the concept of concern, lived experience or “inhabiting” as part of the so-called “affective turn”. My main argument is that the notion of concern cannot be thought or understood without the concept of life. The concept of life, however, is somewhat of a taboo topic in the social sciences. I hold, nevertheless, that in order to reflect on their assumptions and to define concern for their own studies, scholars need to think about life and make a choice regarding the various approaches that can be taken. I therefore present and compare four vitalist approaches: romanticism and Lebensphilosophie, vitalism as ethos and pathos, neuroecosociality as well as vitalism as becoming.     

Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees' strain and job satisfaction: a context-dependent approach

The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires, and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees' strain responses was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process.